Human Trafficking Modern Day Slavery Sociology Essay

Hu gentleman Trafficking Modern Day Slavery Sociology EssayFifty years ago, the abomination of slavery seemed worry a matter of the past. But history has a way of repeating itself. Today, we find that homosexual slavery is once again a sickening reality. At this mo custodyt, men, women and children be beingness trafficked and exploited all over the world. The Thirteenth Amendment did not abolish slavery completely, in fact, human trafficking is now the modern day slavery and is a business in countries all over the world. Sex trafficking, illegal child labor, and illegal immigrant trafficking are all examples of human trafficking. A global underground problem, it is not still happening in the third world countries just now civilized countries as well. Very seldom do victims of trafficking ever escape the vicious crime and m all an(prenominal) end up in dead or with diseases.Human Trafficking Modern Day SlaveryWhat is Trafficking?Every year, millions of people are trafficked into the modern-day equivalent of slavery. They are secretly transported across borders and sold like commodities, or trafficked within their countries for the sole purpose of exploitation. It is a crime that violates the basic human rights of victims. (What is Trafficking, 2010). Trafficking in persons means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of picture or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of cozy exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. (What is human trafficking?, 2010).What does trafficking gather u p?Trafficking involves racy movement of a person from angiotensin converting enzyme place to another and forcible utilization of their services with the intention of inducting them into trade for commercialized gains. The word forcible means that the action is against the persons will or that consensus has been obtained by making deceptive claims and false allurements. In some cases, consensus is obtained because of the victims social conditioning, where the victim is not even aware(p) that s/he is being exploited. (What is human trafficking?, 2010). Trafficking in persons include but are not limited to sex trafficking, child labor, and immigrant labor.Why race plunge VictimInternational trafficking is not limited to poor and undeveloped areas of the world-it is a problem in virtually every region of the globe. Countries with large (often legal) sex industries induce the pack for trafficked women, while Countries where traffickers can easily recruit provide the supply. Gener ally, economically depressed countries provide the easiest recruitment for traffickers. In such nations, women are often fervent to leave the rural area in search of better employment opportunities. Traffickers exploit this fact and often trick victims into thinking they will be going abroad to work as nannies or models.Sex TraffickingSex trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery and its victims are majority women and girls, but can also be men or boys. Sex trafficking victims are induced to perform commercial sex by force, fraud, or coercions and theyre also lured into this situation because theyre promised a good occupation in another country, a false marriage proposal turned into a bondage situation, being sold into the sex trade by parents, husbands, boyfriends, or being kidnapped by traffickers. Types of Sex Trafficking subscribe to different forms of commercial sexual operations such as prostitution, pornography, stripping, live-sex shows, mail-order brides, military p rostitution and sex tourism. (Rescue and Restore ). Trafficking of women is a transnational industry that generates billions of dollars. Although men, women and children are all victims of trafficking, it is a crime that disproportionately affects women and girls who make up approximately 80% of those trafficked transnationally, the majority of whom are trafficked into commercial sexual exploitationChild LaborThere are millions of children whose labor can be considered forced, not only because they are too unripe to choose to work, but also because they are, in fact, actively coerced into working. These include child bonded laborers children whose labor is pledged by parents as payment or collateral on a debt as well as children who are kidnapped or otherwise lured away from their families and imprisoned in sweatshops or brothels. In addition, millions of children around the world work unseen in domestic service given or sold at a very early age to another family. Forced child labor is erect primarily in informal, unregulated or illegal sectors of the economy. It is most common among the economically vulner equal to(p) and least educated members of society such as minority ethnic or religious groups or the lowest classes or castes. (Forced and Bonded Child Labor, 2010) Children are especially vulnerable to exploitation because their lack of maturity makes them easy to delude and ensures that they have little, if any, knowledge of their rights.Immigrant SmugglingMuch like sex trafficking and child labor, the majority of people smuggled are immigrants and non-residents to the county they are being smuggled into. People are promised a good problem with good pay with room and board provided. They fall for the trap and answer to the ad with prohibited knowing it is a trick. When they are brought to the place, traffickers already stole the immigrants passports and everything they own, making it impossible for the immigrants to go back home. Instead of the good job and pay they were promised, they end up working 12+ instant shifts, with basically no pay, and have bad living conditions. Men have been overlooked as potential victims of trafficking. Even when signs of exploitation that would sound alarms with women such as confiscation of travel documents are clear, immigration officers or assistance groups often classify men as migrant workers and send them on their way. In addition, men often dont want to admit that they were trafficked because this signifies weakness or failure. (Cardais, 2009)Recruitment TacticsTraffickers used a variety of means to draw girls into the sex trade. The four happen upon tactics of sex trafficking identified include employment-induced migration via a broker deception, by false marriage visits offer and force, through abduction. The majority of respondents (55%) were trafficked through false job promises. (Simkhada, 2008)Trafficking In NepalMany girls involved in sex work do so because they are comp elled by economic circumstances and social inequality. Some estimate sex work voluntarily others do so by force or deception, sometimes involving migration across international borders. Nepalese girls trafficked from Nepal to India are typically unmarried, unknowing and very young. Key routes to sex trafficking include employment-induced migration to urban areas, deception (through false marriage or visits) and abduction. Young girls who have been trafficked for sex work are a hidden population, largely due to its illegal nature. Employers of trafficked girls may keep them hidden from public view and limit contacts with outsiders. Trafficked girls may not identify themselves as such through fear of reprisals from their employers, fear of social stigma from involvement in sex work or their HIV-positive status or from their activities being revealed to family members. (Simkhada, 2008).Enforcement in NepalIn Nepal, high-level decision makers, lawmakers and politicians at the local le vel are often accused of being the protector of the traffickers. Many commentators blame the lack of legal enforcement careen that policies are sound in Nepal but not their implementation and that political commitment is required to implement public policies. Political leaders and higher regime in bureaucracy are accused of releasing the arrested traffickers from custody and taking political and monetary benefits from them or having associations with brothel-keepers. If a slave is trapped in a form of bondage other than commercial sexual exploitation, he or she is highly unlikely to be freed through police intervention.Infections amongst Girls in NepalSouth Asia is before long home to 2.5 million HIV infected persons, 95% of whom are from India. However, HIV seroprevalence in a subset of neighboring South Asiatic countries has rapidly ontogenesisd in recent years, due in part to migration and human trafficking from these countries into India. Female sex workers, especially thos e who are victims of sex trafficking to India, are increasingly recognized as a major factor in Nepals growing HIV epidemic. HIV seroprevalence among female sex workers in Nepal rose 24-fold (from Trafficking in RussiaRussia from small towns and rural areas to metropolitan areas, and into Russia from the motive Soviet space to work on urban and rural building sites, in shops, and in the sex industry. As a low risk, high advantage business, trafficking in people now rivals drug trafficking in its profitability in a globalised world. The lifting of many former restrictions on foreign travel from the former post-Soviet space, much permeable borders and the desire to migrate for work abroad provided a fertile legal, economic, social and attitudinal context in which traffickers, whether part of organized crime and large maffia rings or not, could take advantage of potential migrants, including children. When analyzing different patterns of trafficking, social scientists in Russia bega n to use the term torgovlya lyudmi (literally trade in people), which was also adopted by some journalists, and later treffiking, awkwardly imported from English. (Buckley, 2009)Interpretation in MoscowThe group in Moscow thought that work in prostitution was one variant for women. Whereas some condemned it as negative, the male student lightheartedly commented if the girl is attractive . . . for an attractive girl it is easier. The electrician, however, warned that if a person goes to a modeling agency, when they show the clothes, it turns out to be a massage parlor. The barman added, in large towns, I literally saw this notice yesterday Girls are needed in a sauna. No work experience necessary-interesting, in principle. The barman gave another example Lets say the girl is looking for work. She came to Moscow to enter an institute. She meets a young man. The young man already has several girls in such a profession and off she goes. When pressed by the moderator as to whether the g irl received a wage, the student answered, naturally. Perhaps it is his business. Such girls are needed. It exists. The girl gets a percentage. There is a mass of variants. The older singer added the girl needs specie. If she needs money, it is very simple(a) to become a drug dealer. Another interjected, that means finding such structures. The elderly economist in Moscow contributed another version she could marry unhappily, whether officially or not, and could learn a lesson in life from that. He could get her to sign a work contract, as they usually do to enlist girls in such work. Her point was that social life and a partner could also lead to disastrous and unexpected work in prostitution. (Buckley, 2009)Asian CultureAsian culture, similar to many other cultures, subsequently socializes children to respect and obey parents and to contribute to the familys well-being. This can be seen with Asian children who were trafficked and repeatedly explained how they put themselves at r isk for the involvement of economic improvement for their families. Many of them felt it necessary to make sacrifices for the benefit of their families, therefore living up to the cultural value of filial piety. Some of the girls who were trafficked for commercial sex talked about their mixed reactions to their experiences. They didnt like what they were doing, but also felt that to not engage in commercial sex work would disappoint their families in terms of making a financial contribution and providing support. Some girls did not want to leave prostitution and return home because they hadnt deliverd enough money to return without shame or embarrassment about the lack of savings to contribute or send home. A Thai saying captures the concept of filial piety. That saying is Repaying the breast milk. (Chung, 2009)Western takes on Asian CultureWestern Asian female stereotypes constitute another factor that contributes to the abuse of power, since these stereotypes create the demand f or Asian girls to be trafficked into commercial sex work. The Western stereotypes of Asian girls and women being subservient, obedient, hard working, submissive, passive, docile, shy, demure, softly spoken, eager to please, and exotic, all lead to the China doll, Suzy Wong, and geisha syndrome. These stereotypes increase the demand for Asian girls and subsequently trafficking into the sex industry. (Chung, 2009).Child Abductions in Haiti?The recent earthquake in Haiti left thousands of children homeless and orphaned. A group of ten American missionaries collected thirty-three children (some of whom had living parents) after the January earthquake. They were stopped as they attempted to return to the Dominican Republic, where they planned to establish an orphanage. Because the missionaries had neglected to get official allowance to transport the children out of the country, Haitian authorities charged them with child abduction and jailed them. The prisoners families released a state ment asking for leniency We are pleading to the Haitian set up minister to focus his energies on the critical tasks ahead for the country and to forgive mistakes that were made by a group of Americans trying to assist Haitis children.The Americans intentions may have been pure. Human trafficking, however, is a grievous problem in Haiti, and protecting children from exploitation was a critical task for the government even before the earthquake plunged the country into chaos. There have been calls for Haiti to lift restrictions on international adoptions in light of the greater number of children now in need. On the New York Timesnetwork site, journalist E. J. Graff noted the risks involved. If you were a child trafficker or adoption profiteer, she asked, wouldnt you pretend to be a humanitarian worker trying to save orphans? (Commonweal, 2010) activistic Somaly MamSomaly Mam knows the harsh truth of the commercial sexual exploitation of children. For years she lived it from the ins ide. When she was 12, her grandfather sold her into the sex trade in Cambodia. In the ensuing decade she was traded through brothels across Southeast Asia where she suffered unimaginable horrors. She counts herself fortunate to have escaped death at the hands of entrepreneurial pimps and brothel keepers. But, unable to forget the faces of the girls she left behind, Mam immovable to rescue them. Today, she fights child sex trafficking, sexual slavery, illegal confinement and sexual violence at home and abroad. (Olivera, 2010). Mam has won international acclaim and numerous awards for her activism. She has infiltrated brothels to save enslaved girls, engineering their escape and providing them with a safe refuge. She has, without hesitation, pressured the police to raid brothels in spite of the fact that the legal system in Southeast Asia often supports the criminals, not the victims. In 1997, Mam and her ex-husband founded AFESIP, an organization dedicated to rescuing, housing and rehabilitating women and children in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam who have been sexually exploited. (Olivera, 2010)U.S Takes on TraffickingThe United States has taken steps to respond to this trafficking dilemma. Congress number 1 voted on an antitrafficking act in 2000, then again in 2003 and 2005. The government has appropriated $528 million toward this effort. In December, the governments tools for combating trafficking were strengthened by the passage of the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) of 2008. On the international front, TVPRA establishes the Trafficking in Persons Report as a diplomatic tool to encourage foreign governments to increase efforts to refrain and fight against modern-day slavery. The annual consequence will include reports on individual countries progress or lack thereof. The bill also contains provisions for penalizing countries that violate trafficking laws in an attempt to steer any traffickers. The pa ssage of TVPRA was a big step forward for U.S. antitrafficking efforts overall. (Todd, 2009). Today virtually every credible antitrafficking organization-including UN agencies, NGOs and responsible governments- agrees that engagement with law enforcement is the best and only sustainable way to protect victims and apprehend perpetrators of sex trafficking. Corruption within police forces should not be a reason to deny trafficking victims the enforcement of laws designed to protect them.Hollywood Movie TakenThe recent release of the Hollywood film Taken opened up the eyes of all the viewers who watched it. It was about a man who loved his daughter very much and when she goes on a trip to Europe, she is abducted and enters the world of human and sex trafficking. The fathers stop at nothing to find his daughter. Movies like this give an overview of what the trafficking world really looks like .For a person that has never heard of the term, it really opens up ones eyes and perspective.E ducating WomenResearch has shown that investing in the command and financial power of girls and women generates multiple social benefits. Better educated women have higher incomes and raise healthier children. They are more likely to be able to plan the size of their families, and they choose to have fewer children. Women are more likely than men are to use their earnings to support the health and development of their children. One study showed that women invest 90 percent of their income in their families, whereas men invest only 30 to 40 percent. Investing in young women is the key not only to ending sex trafficking, its the key to changing the world.Opening the Worlds EyesTrafficking is a global problem and will probably always be a problem. It has been around for centuries and one can only tell when it will ever stop. Though there may never be an end to human trafficking, knowledge is the ultimate power and people working together to fight human trafficking, lives can be saved .

Project Plan To British Airport Authority Construction Essay

advise Plan To British airdrome indorsement Construction EssayThis report is aimed at producing an effective barricadef plan to British drome Authority (BAA) using Heathrow concluding 5 as a case study. The methodology utilize in this go tabu is the difficulty firmness glide slope where a major(ip) problem is identified, the possible solution to the problem is analysed and the best solution for the implementation of the take in is recommended.In producing this plan, a major problem of airport congestion was identified and an option appraisal was carried using the dweeb tool to determine whether the proposed range plan was worth doing, the assures orbit, definitions and deliverables were clearly stated. whatever(prenominal) assumption, considerations and constraints had to be made to assist the objectify police squad consulted for this scheme in understanding and delivering the plan effectively. The pop the questions critical factors, measurable ranges depend encies and resource requirements were outlined in this report. alike a detailed court estimate was do for the allocated budget. Microsoft envision package was used to prep ar and produce a Gantt chart including a figure out division social structure for each task identifying the major milestones. A communication and endangerment plan is withal included in this report to ensure a hushed implementation of the design plan.Finally this report recommends time duration for the learn and a sustainability framework.INTRODUCTIONThis is a detailed report establish on the take to plan presentation made by group 5 ramble consultants to British Airport Authority (BAA) on the 14th of December 2009. The problem solving approach was used in this despatch plan using BAA terminal 5 as a case study.This report identifies and addresses the problem of passenger and skyway congestion in Heathrows living terminal. In order to fully understand this report, the digest background and ratio nal would be discussed in the pursual section.1.1 primingHeathrow located in the London borough of Hillingdon was initially a private airport with one grass runway used to assemble and test aircrafts. During World war II, the land occupied by this private airport was acquired by the government to build a Royal Air Force (RAF) Heston Aerodrome which was an army otiose tent small grass airfield. In 1946 it was handed over to Air ministry as Londons raw(a) civil airport. Due to the closure of the old terminal on the North side by 1961, airlines either operated from the Europa terminal or the oceanic terminal which handled long haul carriers (now terminal 2 and 3 respectively). concluding 1 was opened in 1969 by which time about 5 million passengers were passing through the airport travelling from Heathrow to and from all parts of the world (British Airport Authority 2009). The demand for air travel and increased congestion in the central area further created the need for the br eeding of terminal 4 in 1986.As at 2006, Heathrow owned and operated by British Airports Authority (BAA) give the axe boast of nearly 1.4 billion commuters over 14 million flights (British Airport Authority 2009). It is UKs only international network hub airport. As traffic of commuters increased Heathrow Airport is faced with an ever increase demand for passenger facilities and capacity constraint which has break away to frequent flight delays. This need has further lead to the construction of terminal 5. Terminal 5 is said to be a passenger terminal and associated facilities that would musical accompaniment Heathrows existing terminalsThe planning and building of a new terminal (Exciteh 2009), presents a distinctive challenge compared to the construction of any early(a) structure. Building this new terminal would expand Heathrows capacity to accommodate the rapidly increasing number of passengers, improve the safety and security of air transport, introduce high quality facilit ies, and increase the stead of the British airport worldwide. The new Heathrow terminal 5 would be a gateway between the UK and the world.Group 5, is a project direction consultancy team based in Aberdeen. This team has been retained as project consultants by BAA to produce a project plan for the successful delivery of her terminal 5 project at its very best. This report shows explicitly all the steps and phases inevi flurry to produce the final deliverable (the project plan).1.2 influence RationaleHeathrow is similar with international travel and is one of the UKs most significant fiscal assets. As a two runway and four terminal airports in 2005, it is one of the worlds wind airports in terms of passenger and airline capacity. If Heathrow continues to operate within its existing limits, it is forecasted that the airport ordain handle 87 million passengers a year by 2015 and thereafter 90-95 million passengers a year (Heathrow airport interim master plan 2005). With such an increase in the yearly passenger travel a new terminal is inevitable.Over the years, these existing terminals could accept more traffic because of the implementation of put on the line reduction measures. so far, the continual congestion in Heathrows terminals whitethorn spend a penny a condition such that it can non be said with confidence that these terminals ordain continue to be safe. However, since the airline industry is a peoples industry without passengers the industry will not thrive. So the objective to build a structure that would stand the test of time and serve its millions of prospective customers thereby reducing congestion cannot be over emphasized.2.0 PROJECT BUSINESS CASEThe development of a business case to all intents and purposes is to gain support, commitment and eventually approval from the top management. The line of credit Case depicts the reasons for undertaking for the project, based on the estimated costs of the project, the risks and the expected bu siness benefits and savings (APM 2006). The business case highlights the justification for the project.Reports by BAA (2009) shows that Heathrow runway operates at 95% capacity compared to 75% of its major European competitors. This congestion has lead to increased delay, lower resilience and fewer destinations served. Statistics taken from the UK Parliamentary office of acquisition and Technology (2000) and Airport council International (2008) shown in the table below portrays a rising trend in Heathrows passenger capacity from 1978 2008. year19781979198019811982198319841985No. of Passengers (million)45.449.250.450.751.153.759.461.6Year19861986198819891990199119921993No. of Passenger (million)66.376.382.387.189.984.394.6100.2Year19941995199619971998199920002001No. of passengers (million)109.2115.6120.7130.7142.2150.964.6160.74Year2002200320042005200620072008No. of passengers63.3463.4967.3467.9267.5368.0767.06Figure 2.1 Average passenger capacity(Adopted from UK Parliamentary Offi ce of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport Council International (2008)To further explain the table above is a graphical representation of the passenger capacity plotted against years.Figure 2.2 Graph showing increasing passenger trend(Adopted from UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2000) and Airport Council international (2008))GRAPH ANALYSISThe statistics used for this graph shows all fights into Heathrow airport for terminals 1 to 4.From year 1998 to 2000 there was quite a steady rise in the number of passengers passing through Heathrow.From year 2001 to 2009 Heathrow experienced a decline in airline and passenger capacity. This could be connectd to the global economic situation in many parts of the world and the threat to aviation from international terrorism. On the other(a) hand with the UK economy gradually coming out of this recession there is an expected rise in the number of aviation travel.2.1 Available options for addressing the opportunitychoice A ppraisalAn option appraisal to determine the best means to achieve the project objectives was done. In carrying out an option appraisal, a need and a cost benefit is first carried out, then objectives are set and options are created and reviewed (Department of Treasure UK 2009). An option appraisal is a decision making technique that identifies the project objectives and explores other alternatives for attaining these objectives. It determines whether the proposal is worth doing and clearly communicates conclusions and recommendation. After a critical analysis a preferred option was taken and used in establishing this project plan. The approach for this project plan also incorporates the traditional project management cin one casept which breaks the project into the various life cycle phases. The three major options identified for this project is as shown below2.2 OPTION 1 Do NothingThis option is the base option it involves not embarking on the project. If chosen it may result in u ndesirable and increasing risks to air passengers ascribable to airport congestion.2.3 OPTION 2 Expansion of the existing terminalsMeasures could be taken to expand current terminals including runways to accommodate the increase. However carrying out an expansion work on the existing terminals, would be quite challenging on airlines and passengers. This would require a temporal closure of some of the terminals which may lead to potential loss of customers as they would seek alternative routes. In addition, this approach may leave current structures with minimum factor of safety and do little to improve the deficiencies and congestion in current airport.2.4 OPTION 3 Construct a new terminalIn this option constructing a new terminal of the anticipated capacity would mean that the new terminal would be constructed to expand the operations of older terminals and can potentially replace them. A SWOT analysis for this option was carried out.2.5 SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis is a technique u sed to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in the project. This method involves specifying the project objectives and identifying the essential and external factors (Nigel and William 2002) that could stop or improve the success of those objectives. The environmental factors internal to the firm are classified as strength and weakness while the external factors are classified as opportunities and threats. These terms are further explained belowStrengthsStrengths could either be a positive tangible or intangible attribute and they are usually within the organisations swear.WeaknessThese are the areas that project needs to improve on. They can be considered as the projects fault or disadvantage that skill keep back them from attaining their goals.OpportunitiesOpportunities propel an organisation. These factors represent the reason for the project or business to exist and develop. Opportunities are beneficial and may assists to negate threat.Thre atsThreats are factors beyond the organisations pull wires which could result in project failure. The SWOT Matrix for this project is as shown in Appendix 1. Furthermore a cost estimate is also carried out to determine the preferred option2.6 Cost Estimate3.0 PROJECT DEFINITIONJames P. Lewis delimit project as a onetime job that has defined starting and ending dates, a clearly specified objective, or scope to be performed, a pre-defined budget, and usually a temporary organization that is dismantled once the project is fetch up. For this project the objectives and scope are explained below.3.1 Goals and ObjectivesProject objectives as defined by Westland (2007) are debates describing in more details what it is that the project will achieve. It is the want outcome of the project. Unclear objectives could result in conflict when information is not adequately understood. The objectives of this project plan include the followingTo supplement Heathrows other existing terminals to ac commodate her increasing customer base and increase the airport current capacity by 30% BAA (2009)To reinforce Heathrows position as Europes lede intercontinental hubTo provide excellent customer service and travelling experience to her highly esteemed customers3.2 Statement of the Project ScopeThe project scope can be defined as the specific and overall definition of what the projects end result should accomplish (Briggs 2009). It specifies what work is included and excluded in a project perhaps defining in effect the boundaries of the project (Carmichael 2004).3.2.1 ScopeThe scope of this project is as followsAn effective project plan for the successful delivery of BAAs Heathrow Terminal 5 projectRecommendation of a sustainable development plan for the new terminal3.2.2 Scope ExclusionsExclusions are done in order to negate misunderstandings they spell out what the project wont do. The following are the exclusions considered in developing this project planThe project plan would not include the abstract design of the projectThe effects of inflation on budgeted cost would not be includedThe project plan does not include obtaining the necessary permits and strength documentsThe project plan does not include the ground rules to be adopted during the implementation of the project plan3.3 Project DeliverablesA deliverable is any rum and verifiable product, result or capability to perform a service that is identified in the project management planning documentation, and must be produced and provided to complete the project (PMBOK 2004). It can also be described as the output of the project during the project and at the end. According to PMBOK (2008) there are four generic life cycle phases for a project. However since this is a mega project, five distinct phases have been identified for efficient planning. For this project, the key deliverables are grouped into the various project life cycle phases as shown in the diagram belowFig 3.1 Project Life cycle diagr am showing the deliverablesThe life cycle for this project is made up of the conception, planning, execution and control, completion/handover and post project review. These phases are further explained below.Conception phaseThis is the birth phase of any project in which the scope of the project is defined along with the methodology for delivering project desired outputs.Planning PhaseThis is the phase where all the plans required to deliver the project objectives and scope is done. This phase is characterized by breaking down the project into smaller more manageable work packages.Execution/ Monitoring phaseThis is the implementation phase of the project where work towards direct achievement of the projects objectives and the production of the projects deliverables take place (APMBOK 2006).This phase also involves monitoring and control. This involves recording, analysing and reporting project cognitive cognitive operation and comparing it to the planned performance in order to id entify and report deviations as well as develop targets and plans.Completion/Handover PhaseThis is the project exit phase and the formal dapper end point of a project, either because it has been completed or because it has been terminated early (PMBOK 2004).Post project ReviewIn this phase the lessons learned are reviewed. Below is a detailed explanation of the various deliverables at each project phase, their targets, dependencies and resource requirements.Description of DeliverablesProject phaseDeliverableBrief Description, targets, addiction and resource requirementConceptionBusiness caseThis is a document that describes the project justificationTarget Approval of top managementDependencyProject objective pick RequirementProject client or sponsorProject Initiation document (PID)Project initiation document is a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in a project. It defines the authority of the project manager and roles and responsibilities of project stakeholders.T argetDependencyResource requirementproject managerPlanningResponsibility intercellular substanceIt is a tool used to assign tasks relating to each project activity in the operation breakdown structure. It indicates clearly the role and responsibility of each project playerTargetroles and responsibility of project playersDependencywork breakdown structureResource requirement Project mangerWork breakdown structure (WBS)It is a hierarchical decomposition of theproject into smaller elements or deliverablescalled work packages thereby allowing foreffective management and control of projectscope and objectives (PMBoK 2008).Target work packages in relation to projectobjectivesDependencies Project scope anddeliverablesResource requirement Project managerand input from project teamGantt chartThis is a Microsoft project tool that illustratesthe project register.It is a useful tool in planning, predicting anddeciding how resources are used to achieve time and cost goals.TargetProject schedul e and projectresource requirements.DependencyWork breakdown structureResource requirementProject managerRisk matrixThis is a plan used in assessing riskCategories their probability of come inrence andthe impact on the project it also highlightscontrols identified to mitigate the risks.TargetDependencyRisk assessmentResource requirementproject teamExecution/ control phaseCompletion/ handoverCertificate of practical completion (CPC)it is a certificate handed over to the project manager after the project has been completed and has been certified to trifle clients and stakeholders requirement.Targetclient satisfactionDependencyProject completionResource requirement project ownerLessons learnedit is a documentation of all lessons learned incourse of executing the project and is keptfor future references in order to preventpitfalls in the execution of similar projects infuture.Targetshould clearly highlight lessonslearned from the project.Dependencies project completion and clientsatisf actionResource requirement Project manager3.4 Critical Success FactorsThe primary objectives of any project being completed within the specified cost, time and good performance are not the only determinants of a successful project. These primary objectives can identify immediate contribution to profit (kerzner 2006) but will not identify if the project has been the right way managed. These success factors can be seen as value enhancing practises (VEP). The following are some required factors that will determine the success of BAAs Heathrow terminal 5 project (HT5)Clearly established project goals and proceduresStrong support and shared vision from BAAs top management contentment of the various groups of stakeholders with minimum or mutually agreed upon scope changes.The contracting strategy employed would enable suppliers focus on deliveryExcellent teamwork and good communication among key players to organise and convey objectivesThe use of standard project management methodologie s, tools and techniques. For example monitoring and change management practices should be employed to identify and resolve problems early availability of technological expertise and equipment3.5 Critical Project BarriersUnlike risks, critical project barriers are overwhelming issues that can be critical to a projects plan. Should any of these events occur the project plan would become invalid. In this project, the following are possible critical barriersRemoval of project fundingOccurrence of force majeure e.g. natural disasters or acts of war4.0 PROJECT CONSTRAINTS CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONSAccording to APM Body of knowledge (2006), constraints are issues that could cause a delay or restrictions that would affect the project considerations are the key elements required to have a binding contract and assumptions are statements that will be taken for granted as fact and upon which the project business case will be justified.4.1 ConstraintsIn an airport environment, height limitat ions are placed to avoid interference with the airport radar systems and this could affect the project team during construction.Logistics challenge due to condensed site area.Ecological constraints and the landscape of the area to support such a projectPermit, licensing or consent approvals could take a long time to be obtained considering the sensitive nature of this projectHealth and safety of the project team and locals during and after construction due to pollutionLegal requirements of the construction regulation and environmental act4.2 ConsiderationsThere could be potential changes to the structure in future so provision would be made available for that in the project design.Satisfaction of the projects large and diverse group of stake holders.4.3 AssumptionsBAA the project sponsor and client will accept the project plan offered by this consultant teamAll project participants will abide by the guideline identified within this planAll necessary approvals have been obtainedThe t ime frame for the project is 10 yearsManagement will ensure that the project team is available as at when required to complete project tasks.All project participants will abide by the guideline identified within this planThe required resources are available, and the estimated budget would be adequate for the projectInflation would be constant throughout the period of the project5.0 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PLANA project development plan defines the phases that connect the beginning of a project to its end (PMBOK 2004). Because projects have a beginning and an end, there is a logical sequence of activities or tasks to accomplish projects objectives. This sequence of activities leads to the Work Breakdown Structure5.1 Work Breakdown StructureWork breakdown structure is defined as a way in which a project may be carve up by level into discrete groups for programming, cost planning and control purposes (APMBOK 2006). It acts as a control and monitoring tool in any project and also shows ful l clarity and understanding of the project scope. The work breakdown structure for this project is shown in appendix 2.5.2 Gantt ChartThe Gantt chart is used in schedule the work breakdown structure. It is a useful tool in planning, predicting and deciding how resources are used to achieve time and cost goals. It is a type of bar chart used to represent when activities are being carried out or when resources are required. It uses time lines and other symbols to illustrate multiple time-based activities of a project on a horizontal time scale (Carmichael 2004). The Gantt chart for this project is as shown in appendix 36.0 Project Organisation and ManagementProject organizational structure clarifies the makeup of the project board and teams. It identifies the roles and responsibility of the various stakeholders involved in the project.Lock (2007) defined stakeholders as the people and organizations who affect, or will be affected by the project. Stakeholders can be grouped into prim ary and secondary stakeholders. The principal/primary stakeholders stand to make profit or loss from the project while the secondary stakeholders are non profit making stakeholders. The following are the stakeholders for the HT5 project.Primary StakeholdersHer Majesties GovernmentBritish Airport Authority (BAA)British Airways (BA)Local administrationMajor contractorsSuppliersProject managersProject teamSecondary StakeholdersSub-contractorsLocal communitiesNon-Governmental OrganisationsEmployees of Heathrow airportRegulatory AuthoritiesCustomers6.1 Project StructureThe diagram shown in Appendix 4 depicts the project organisation structure.6.2 Roles and ResponsibilitiesRoles and responsibilities needs to be clearly defined among the project team to avoid conflict. The responsibility charts clarifies the duties of each mortals involved in the project .The roles and responsibilities table for this project is as shown in Appendix 5.6.3 Project Approach/MethodologyThe methodology for ma naging the implementation of this project plan for BAA Heathrow terminal 5 is the problem-oriented approach. With this approach, a major problem is identified, the cause and the possible solution to the problem and finally a best solution for implementation recommended. For this project, the problem identified was the congestion of passengers and airline capacity constrain which lead to the decision to construct a new terminal in Heathrow.6.4 Project ControlsLewis (2001) described project control to be the process of comparing where you are and where you are supposed to be so that corrective action can be taken when there is a deviation from target The project manager will monitor and control the project on a daily basis ensuring that issues are mightily resolved. The steering committee shall meet at the completion of each milestone as indicated on the Gantt chart, to ensure that no previous issues are carried over and that quality has not been compromised in any form.6.5 Project C ommunicationIn any successful project, there must be a continuous need for communication to issue directives, solve problems, make decisions, resolve conflicts and keep everyone supplied with the required information (Burke 2003). According to Westland (2007) the communication plan identifies the type of information to be distributed to stakeholders (what), the methods of distributing the information (How), the frequency of the distribution (when) and the responsibilities of each person in the project team for distributing the information (who). For this project, the communication plan as shown in appendix 6 is divided into the external and internal communication for the following stakeholdersProject sponsorProject teamSteering committeeLocal communityGeneral public7.0 Project Risk ManagementProject risk is defined as the cumulative effect of the chances of uncertain occurrences which will adversely affect project objectives. It is the degree of exposure to negative events and their probable consequences. Project risk is characterized by three factors risk event, risk probability and the amount at stake (PMBOK 2004)Project risk management is a structured process that allows various(prenominal) risk events and overall project risk to be understood and managed proactively, optimising project success by minimising threats and maximising opportunities (APMBOK 2006). In order words risk management is an approach of identifying, assessing and controlling risk that occurred during the project life cycle7.1 Project Risk AssessmentIssues of risk (uncertainties) cannot be over emphasized. It must be properly identified, analysed and mitigated. The political, technical, financial, environmental and sociological aspects are the key factors that were considered during the risk assessment.For this project, the probabilities of risks occurrence were classified as1 Almost impossible to occur2 Slight aim of occurrence3 Likelihood of occurrence4 Expected possibility of o ccurrence5 Extreme possibility of occurrenceAnd the risks impacts were classified as1 Little or no impact and work will continue2 Slight impact but work will continue3 Limited Impact but could slow down activity and extend completion date4 Significant impact and could result in the project standstill5 Massive impact and could result in termination of projectThe risk breakdown structure and risk identification mapping for this project is as shown in Appendix 7 and 8 respectively.7.2 Risk Mitigation and ControlThe process of lowering the probability of a risk occurrence or reducing its effect or impact should it occur in a project is project risk mitigation and control.To be able to mitigate and control risk, we classified the resulting risk indices into three categories using the colour coding as shown belowColour CodingRed High Risk (18 25)Yellow intermediate Risk (11 16)Green Low Risk (1 10)For this project, the risk assessment matrix is as shown in Appendix 98.0 SUSTAINA BLE DEVELOPMENTBAAs sustainability development policy sets a context for improving its environmental performance. This recommendation will look at the following noise, air, water and the building.AIRAviation is one of the winged growing sources of the UKs carbon emissions.It currently represents 6.4 % of the UKs carbonic acid gas emissions or 13% of the total climate change.For an important and massive project like the Terminal 5, the following should be consideredAir quality should be weighted on the overall balance of costs and benefitsAn elaborate air quality computer personal mannerlling should be done around major vicinity where the Terminal will be located and around the local areas. Pollutants to model should include but not limited to NO2, PM10 ,Ozone and CO2The benefit of another runway will surely be of great benefit to the UK Government as facts below statesBenefit to the UK economy of mixed mode at Heathrow is 2.5 bill

Study on Nutritional Status of School Children

Study on Nutritional Status of School ChildrenA piece of work ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN RURAL, SEMI URBAN AND URBAN AREAS OF CHENNAI.INTRODUCTIONThe health and nutritional spatial relation of tiddlerren is an index of national enthronization in the development of its future manpower. According to World Health Organization, protein energy malnutrition refers to imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the bodys demand for them to experience optimal growth and function. This imbalance includes both inadequate and excessive energy intake the former leading to malnutrition in the form of wasting, stunting and cheeseparing, and the latter resulting in overweight and obesity. The consequences of child malnutrition are enormous and are intertwined with the development of society. Malnutrition affects the childs physical and cognitive growth and increases the susceptibility to infections and severity of diseases composition having adverse implications o n income and economic growth indirectly.According to UNICEF entropy, 90% of developing institutions undernourished live in Asia and Africa while 40% of the worlds malnourished live in India. The 2013 Global Hunger Index Report ranked India 16th, which represents the serious hunger situation. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) selective information indicates that 43% of children under 5 eld of historic level are underweight and 2% of them are overweight. In India, we face a double jeopardy of malnutrition i.e., children from urban areas are affected with puzzles of over-nutrition while those from rural area suffer from effects of under-nutrition.The long term consequences of malnutrition on a child-turned-adult are issues of deep concern. Under-nutrition impairs the childs immune system and weakens the defenses against other diseases. Whereas over-nutrition contri exceptes to childhood obesity and leads to the early onset of hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, coronary hear t diseases, orthopedic disorder and other respiratory diseases.School age is the active phase of childhood growth. Poor nutritional status in children leads to high absenteeism and early school dropouts thereby affecting the literacy rate of the country by from affecting health status of the children. On the other hand, increasing lifestyle changes in urban areas has led to the emergence of over-nutrition and childhood obesity. To evaluate this ever-changing form and to determine the burden of malnutrition, we move to do a cross sectional get a line to assess the nutritional status of school children (11-14years old).OBJECTIVESTo determine the nutritional status of children based on their BMI and waist hip balance and its relation to various factors like gender, area of residence and socio-economic status.METHODOLOGYAfter being approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Stanley Medical College, a cross sectional descriptive think over was carried out in the year 2011 over a period of 3 months from June to September involving 300 children in the age group of 11 to 14 years. Three schools were selected one each in rural area, semi urban area urban area. 100 children from each school were selected as subjects for the study. Data regarding the subjects socioeconomic background, religion, dwelling place, three day diet rec every last(predicate) and type and continuation of physical activities per day. Also their anthropometric measurements including height, weight, circumference of waist and hip were recorded. We have recorded body weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using a measuring stick balance scale with subjects barefoot. Height of the children from the floor to the highest point on the head was recorded when the subject was facing directly ahead, barefoot, feet together, arms by the sides. Heels, buttocks and velocity back were made to be in contact with the wall when the measurement was made. The height was recorded and rounded off to the nearest 1 cm. BMI (weight in kilograms split by the square of the height in metres) of the children were calculated. The waist circumference was measured at the level of umbilicus. The hip circumference was measured at the widest part of the buttocks. endnon hip ratios were calculated. Data was analyzed at the end of 3 months.RESULTSBased on the statistical analysis done at the end of the data collection, the pursual results were obtained.Out of the 300 students assessed in the study, 55% of them were boys and 45% were girls 39.67% belonged to age 11, 14.67% belonged to age 12, 19.33% belonged to age 13 and 26.33% belonged to age 14. Based on socio-economic status, 1.67% belonged to menage 1, 17% belonged to class 2, 38% belonged to class 3, 42.67% belonged to class 4 and 0.67% belonged to class 5.On assessing the 300 children for BMI, 67.33% were ground to be underweight, of which 29.67% were from rural areas 6% were establish to be overweight or obese, of which 4.67% were from urb an areas. The percentage of under-weight children was 65% in semi urban area and 48% in urban area in contrast to 89% in rural area.TABLE 1. Relation between BMI, Waist Hip Ratio and Area of residenceOf the 100 children assessed in rural area, wholly one was found to be overweight and no one was obese. Among the 100 children assessed in the semi urban area, 3 were overweight. Whereas in urban area, 7 children of the 100 were overweight and some other 7 were found to be obese. Thus, in urban area, almost 14% of the children were either obese or overweight. This percentage is significantly high(prenominal) than the 1% and 3% found in rural and semi urban areas. The percentage of the children who were categorized as popular according to their BMI was only 10% in rural but 32% and 38% in semi-urban and urban areas respectively (Figure 1).Figure 1.According to the data obtained, waist hip ratio of the children was also calculated. It is found that 20% of children in rural area and 32 % of children in urban area fall down under high-risk category of waist hip ratio. Waist Hip ratio more than 1 in boys and 0.85 in girls indicates an increased risk of metabolic complications. Though the frequency of high risk WH ratio is higher among children from urban areas than that of rural areas, the difference was not statistically significant.The preponderance of underweight was 69.09% among boys and 65.19% among girls. This difference is not statistically significant indicating that there is no evidence of gender inequality in this study (Table 2).TABLE 2. Relation of gender and socio-economic status over BMISocio-economic status of each child was assessed based on modified Kuppusamys scale. The prevalence of underweight children was 84.62% among socio-economic status class 45 and only 54.12% among socio-economic status class 1,2 3. It is evident that there is a significant statistical difference in the prevalence of underweight children in Class 45 as compared to Class 1 , 2 3 ( Table 2).Figure 3.The children were also asked about their choice of games and sports. And it was found that nearly 45% of the boys and girls in rural area were involved in games requiring severe physical activity. The mean playtime of children from rural area was 1.6 hours/day. In semi-urban area, only 25% of the boys and girls were involved in games requiring severe physical activity whereas the percentage was only around 15% in urban area. The mean playtime of children from semi-urban and urban areas were 1.6 hours/day and 1.1 hours/day respectively.The three day diet history obtained from the children was analyzed and the average amount of gram calorie intake per day was calculated for all. The mean calorie consumption of the children, irrespective of their area of residence, was 1333 kcal. The mean calorie intake of children in rural area was found to be 991.7 kcal. The calorie consumption was found to be lesser when compared to the mean calorie intake in semi urban an d rural areas, which were 1461.7 kcal and 1545.7 kcal respectively (Figure 4). It was also found that the irregularity in taking meals was the superlative among the children in urban area.Figure 4.DISCUSSIONA healthy child becomes a healthy adult. Of the various factors which determine the health of the child, nutrition plays the most brisk role. Low body weight is unhealthy and harmful in the way it has dire consequences on both physical and psychological well-being of a child. diminish level of thinking, impaired concentration, irritable mood and heightened obsessiveness, while contributing to the psychological effects of malnutrition, undermines the academic performance of a child and leads to the development of a socially withdrawn child. On the other hand, malnutrition has a profound impact on immune system by weakening the defenses and aggravating the effects of infections. Infections contribute to malnutrition by a variety of mechanisms including anorexia and impaired abso rption of nutrients. This shows that enteric infection begets malnutrition and malnutrition begets more infections.According to World Bank statistics, Child malnutrition is responsible for 22 percent of Indias burden of disease and contributes to an estimated adult productivity loss of 1.4% of gross domestic product (GDP). It has been estimated to play a role in about half of all child deaths and more than half of child deaths from major diseases, such as malaria, diarrhea, measles and pneumonia. Recent trends in India suggest that there has been a dramatic fall of severe underweight prevalence in urban areas (by 26%) compared to rural areas though the decline in underweight prevalence was considered inadequate according to UNICEF. Our cross-section(a) study shows that boys are more likely to be stunted and underweight than girls though there was no significant gender inequality because of limited ingest size. Our study determined the point prevalence of underweight children in re lation to various factors like gender, age, area of residence and socio economic status while data from various studies indicated that decline in the prevalence of under-nutrition was lesser in girls compared to boys and lesser in scheduled caste scheduled tribe as compared to other castes.Children with normal BMI constitute only 10% in rural areas while 38% of them had normal BMI in urban area. The collected data signify that under-nutrition is the burning problem in rural areas whereas urban areas suffer from the double jeopardy of malnutrition.It showed that mean height and weight of boys and girls was lower than the CDC 2000 standards in all age groups. The prevalence of underweight and stunting was highest among the age group of 11 to 13 years whereas wasting was more prevalent in the age group of 5 to 7 years. In this study, under-nutrition was found to be significantly more prevalent in girls than in boys. Data from our study says that probability of a child being undernouri shed is higher in rural area than in urban area.A study found that the prevalence of stunting was observed to be 52.3% and severe stunting was 25.1%. The determinants of this study included fathers occupation and income rather than the educational and occupational status of mother in the patriarchal society.In a multivariate study done in Brazil, stunting was found to be significantly associated with low economic income, inadequate protein intake and polyparasitism, especially Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura. Evidences suggest that cell intercede immunity is depressed in malnutrition thereby increasing the duration and severity of infections with increasing degrees of malnutrition. The most common infection related deaths due to malnutrition were diarrhea and peachy respiratory infections. Infant feeding practices and mothers education status form the major determinants of Protein Energy Malnutrition. Better feeding practices were found to reduce the prevalence of stunt ing by 30%. Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding were found to be more protective when compared to no breastfeeding. The median relative risk of death from diarrhea fell from 25 in no breastfeeding to 8.6 in exclusive or partial breastfeeding highlighting the paramount importance of breastfeeding in the prevention of malnutrition.Hence, it is necessary to have it away down the causal factors of malnutrition before the child attains the age of 3 years. Better feeding practices, health awareness, sanitation, sustained availability of nutritious foods for all sections of people and compound access to healthcare services are essential steps to attain the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Failure to invest in combating nutrition can have adverse impacts on potential economic growth. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, launched on 2nd October 1975, is Indias unique programme to meliorate the nutritional status of children by providing supplementary nut rition, pre-school education, immunization and health education for pregnant and nursing mothers. Though ICDS is successful in many ways, decline in undernutrition in India is slower when compared with other developing countries because ICDS Schemes mainly focusses on food supplementation rather than health education and children aged 3-6 years rather than younger children (0-3 years). Our study reiterates the trends of malnutrition in relation to various factors and also highlights the need for differential approach in urban and rural areas to combat malnutrition. closingThis cross-sectional study was undertaken to study the nutritional status of children aged 11-14 years and its relation to various factors like gender, area of residence and socio-economic status. This study also attempted to collect data on the amount of calories consumed per day, frequency and regularity of taking meals and level of physical activity in rural, semi-urban and urban areas.According to our study, 67 .33% were underweight and 6% were overweight or obese. The prevalence of under-weight was found to be significantly higher in rural area(89%) than in urban area(48%) while urban area takes the upper hand in the prevalence of over-weight children. Our study also estimated that a child from rural area consumes an average of 991.7 kcal while calorie consumption of a child from urban area is much higher, averaging to 1545.7 kcal. Children belonging to socio-economic status Class 45, according to modified Kuppusamys scale, were more deprived of nutrients than the children of upper and middle class. Nutritional status was also found to be slightly poorer in boys than that of girls.The data collected also indicated that the mean calorie consumption of children in rural area was 991.7 kcal when compared to 1461.7 kcal in semi-urban and 1565.7 in urban area. However, the mean playtime of children in urban area was 1.1 hours/day with most of the children opting to play video games in their pl aytime whereas the mean playtime of a child was 1.6 hours/day in rural area. This data highlights a relative increase in calorie consumption in urban area with increase in sedentary lifestyle thereby setting a stage for the development of childhood obesity.Hence, we conclude our study re-emphasizing the various determinants of malnutrition and highlighting the changing trend in the nutritional status of children in urban, semi-urban and rural area.

Racism - After The Civil War Essay -- essays research papers

The conclusion of the Civil War in favor of the north was supposed to mean an end to slaveholding and equal rights for the condition slaves. Although laws and amendments were passed to uphold this assumption, the United States Government fell short. The thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments were proposed and passed within five years of the Civil Wars conclusion. These amendments were to create equation throughout the United States, especially in the south where slavery had been most abundant. Making equality a realization would not be an easy task. This is because more problems were not perceived before and during the war. The reunification of the country would prove to be harder than expected, and entry into a new lifestyle would be difficult for both the freedmen and their former oppressors. The thirteenth amendment clearly prohibits slavery in the United States. All slaves were to be freed immediately when this amendment was declared ratified in December of 1865, but what were they to do? Generations of African-Americans had been enslaved in America, and those who had lived their whole lives in slavery had little knowledge of the outside world. This lack of knowledge would not be helpful in trying to find kick the bucket once they were released. Plantation owners with a lack of workforce were eager to offer extremely low pay to their former slaves. In addition, the work force of the plantation would often live in the same quarters they did while enslaved. These living condition...

THE THREAT OF BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND POSSIBLE PREVENTATIVE MEASURES :: essays research papers

The Threat of Biological Warfare and Possible Preventative MeasuresThe events of September 11,2001, have made the threat of terrorism on our mainland very real. The twin towers were made into rubble that day, along with the lives of the many people touched by the overwhelming loss of life that occurred that day. Now, if that isnt enough to wield with, in creeps the specter of bio-terrorism. Biological weapons are devices intended to deliberately disseminate disease producing organisms or toxins in food, water, by insect, or as an aerosol. type B anthracis, the organism that causes anthrax, has been bandied about the media and the American public has been saturated by stories of possible cases and fatalities. One agent not often discussed but every bit as horrifying as anthrax is smallpox. variola is an acute, highly contagious virus disease characterized by prolonged fever, vomiting, and pustular eruptions that often leave pitted scars, or pockmarks, when better as defined by Web sters New World College Dictionary. Smallpox, commands respect and the concern of the American public along with that terrorism, of the biological variety, however improbable, is very possible. Smallpox was once large in scope before vaccinations. At one point or another, everyone was going to contract it. A release of smallpox in aerosol form would scatter readily, and because of its stability in aerosol form would prove very formidable even in a small dose. pull down mention of a group of smallpox cases can cause national panic and a possible public outcry for national emergency tame measures to be taken. Several 2factors cause the concern smallpox has historically been feared as one of the well-nigh serious of all pestilential diseases, it physically disfigures, it bears a thirty percent fatality rate, it can be spread person to person, primarily by droplet nuclei expelled from the oropharynx of the infected person or by aerosol . Items most often thought as harmless, such as clothing or bed linen, could also spread the virus. After an incubation of about ten to cardinal days, the patient experiences high fever and pain. Then a rash begins which forms into scabs by the seventh of eighth day. Between twenty-five and thirty percent of all unvaccinated patients die of the disease (1).Smallpox, anthrax and plague head the list of agents that can be used for bio-warfare. None of these agents has so far effectively been deployed as a biological weapon, and thus no real world events exist to provide likely scenarios (1).

High Altitude Climbing :: essays research papers fc

High stature climbing is a very dangerous sport, well, we wont call it a sport, it is more like a profession for highly skilled individuals. High raising climbing is when mountain climbers decide that they want to climb higherand more difficult mountains. To do this they acquire the right training and also need to know the effects of high altitude climbing to their bodies. The proboscis attempts to maintain a state of homeostasis or balance wheel to ensure the optimal operating environment for its complex chemical systems. Any change from this homeostasis is a change away from the best possible operating environment. The body attempts to correct this imbalance. One such imbalance is the effect of increasing altitude on the bodys ability to provide adequate oxygen to be utilized in cellular respiration. With an increase in elevation, a typical occurrence when climbing mountains, the body is forced to respond in various ways to the changes in foreign environment. Foremost of the se changes is the diminished ability to obtain oxygen from the atmosphere. If the adaptive responses to this stressor are inadequate the performance of body systems may decline dramatically. If prolonged the results can be serious or even fatal. In looking at the effect of altitude on body functioning we first must understand what occurs in the external environment at higher elevations and then observe the important changes that occur in the internal environment of the body in response. In discussing altitude change and its effect on the body mountaineers generally define altitude according to the scale of high (8,000 - 12,000 feet), very high (12,000 - 18,000 feet), and extremely high (18,000+ feet), (Hubble, 1995). A common misperception of the change in external environment with increased altitude is that there is decreased oxygen. This is not correct as the concentration of oxygen at sea level is about 21% and stays relatively unchanged until over 50,000 feet (Johnson, 1988). Wh at is really happening is that the atmospheric pressure is decreasing and subsequently the tot up of oxygen available in a single breath of air is significantly less. At sea level the barometric pressure averages 760 mmHg while at 12,000 feet it is only 483 mmHg. This decrease in total atmospheric pressure means that there are 40% fewer oxygen molecules per breath at this altitude compared to sea level (Princeton, 1995). The pulmonary surface and the thickness of the alveolar membranes are not directly affected by a change in altitude.

Personal Growth Experience :: essays research papers

Personal Growth ExperienceAs a mother I have cared and tried to push my son&8217s education so that he can succeed in his life. I came from a large family in Brazil. I wasn&8217t the only child I learned to share, how provide for myself, and for my 3 sisters, and 3 brothers. My father was a serious man he had a job, and still came stem to provide for all of us. During suppertime he insisted that everyone had to be home and had to sit down at the table and talk about their day. This was a must in my family too. The reason why he had that rule was because he was a religious man, and meals should be shared with the family as well as conversations. No one had any choice of not sit at the table, unless we didn&8217t want to eat. When I had a child, I waited for the right time to have one. I didn&8217t want to rush into motherhood office until I had everything in order to support my child. My husband had to find a job, and so did I. We had a house, a car, and jobs to support my child w e were ready. When my child was born, I chose to go to the United States of America, so that my child can have a better life. In Brazil, the education is not challenging, and not recognized in other separate of the world as a higher education. For him to have a better education, a better standard of living, and for him to have what we never had, we had to give up our lives in Brazil. As the years went by I was always there for my son. Through my eyes as he grows older, he is still the little boy that I held in my arms for the first time. In his teenage years I have seen him grow further away from me. Every day when he gets home he goes to his room without talking to me, or saying anything about his day. I guess that is what all kids go through in these years, because of the stage of exploration of parvenu things in life. Like driving, video games, girls, and puberty. I still love my son, and even if he doesn&8217t want to talk to me then I guess he has everything in order in his li fe.