Communication and Personality in Negotiation Paper

The act of negotiating happens on a daily basis sometimes without people even noticing. When thinking about negotiations, car purchases, salary increases, and buying new homes are obvious examples of negotiating. Nonetheless, negotiations are simple as deciding where to eat with a friend or family member.There are three main reasons for negotiating; deciding on how to split or share a limited supply, the reation of a new idea that involves more than the immediate parties, and to resolve issues between individuals involved (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2006). Everyone who has bought a new car knows that it is an exciting period in one's life, though a stressful one. The pleasantries start and end with the car itself as the stressful side to it is the negotiating with the dealership. Purchasing a new car is sometimes nerve racking and leads people to rush through the process Just to get it over with.Unfortunately, rushing is the last thing one should do because with the amount of oney o n the line, it is important that the purchaser understands the full parameters of what they are buying. Having the basic understanding of car negotiations through research and patience, will make the car buying experience much more enjoyable and worthwhile. Conducting Research Purchasing a new or used car has become must easier and fulfilling with the use of the internet. The internet is an open door resource to the car buyers where they can research dealer inventories, actual costs, consumer reports, and so much more.With his information, a buyer can be more prepared when walking through the doors of a dealership. Having the knowledge of how much a dealer has paid for the car immediately allows the consumer to gauge if the dealer's offer is reasonable or absolutely ridiculous. Before even stepping foot on the lot, knowing how much the car a buyer may want costs with all the desired options will allow a new buyer to negotiate effectively. Information is a strong mutual basis for pow er (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 006) Witn this intormation, perspective buyers may nave the upper nand against a greedy dealership.Information is Power The power of information comes from each party or each negotiator have the ability to gather date that supports their position or argument. The majority of new car purchasers dislike the sight of a car salesman approaching as they enter the lot. Though this may be common throughout society, the ultimate purpose of the salesperson is to assist and serve the customer. The dealership is completely independent unless the car buyer decided to purchase. If the sale doesn't go through, the sales person, the management team, and the dealership will not get paid. Closing the deal is more important to the dealership.Therefore negotiating is the only way for both parties to get what they want. The best strategy for a consumer is to know exactly what they are looking for, such as a Sudan, SUV, 4WD, etc. Then test drive what meets those requireme nts and get an initial quote. Dealerships and car salesmen will expect a commitment from potential consumers, but it is important that there are no promises made on the initial visit. They may seem desperate and even provide sob stories, anything to close a sale, but staying firm and stating that here will be no purchases on the first visit is important in starting the negotiating process.Consumers who live in locations with various dealerships have an advantage because they can compare prices during negotiations which will get them closer to their desired price. As with other items supply has a direct effect on price. Dealerships will in most cases not allow a potential buyer to walk out with a quote in writing because they wouldn't want it to be matched or beaten by another dealership. Emotionless and Effective Communication When negotiating for any reason, it is important that one stays focused on facts ather than involving emotion and ego (Lewicki, Barry, & Saunders, 2006).Negot iating is essentially interactive communications through the use of verbal and nonverbal communication skills in efforts to resolve a conflict. Ineffective communications introduce negotiation problems, which is why it is critical that the negotiators efficiently. If negotiators know that humans communicate ineffectively, then this can lead to a better and more cautious approach to negotiations. Asking questions is a great way to increase the amount of information known as well as a great tactic to egotiating.The more questions a negotiator may ask, the more they may learn about the opposition which will give them the upper hand in negotiations. Without actually listening to the answer, the question is as pointless as communicating ineffectively. Therefore when asking information seeking questions, it is important that one waits and listens to the answer that is full of the information one may seek. Depending on how you perceive the answers, this information can have multiple meanin gs and in identifying those meanings without offending the opposition can be difficult.There exist three types of listening; passive, acknowledgement, and active listening. Passive listening is where the message recipient provides no reaction of the information accuracy. Without responding, the sender will continue to send information. Acknowledgment involves a little more effort on the recipient's end where they acknowledge that they are receiving the information which is being sent by the sender. This can include a constant eye contact, a nod, or responses such as â€Å"sure†, â€Å"l see†, or â€Å"go on. † This style of listening displays acknowledgement that the recipient is earing everything the sender is explaining.However it also gives the misinterpretation that the recipient agrees with the opposition. The third type of listening is active listening, where the receiver repeats or restates the sender's information through their own interpretation and wor ds. Active listening in the negotiations is a great way for one to encourage the opposition to elaborate on their views. This creates an open dialogue from one end and allows the receiver to have a clearer concept of what the opposition beliefs are and their supporting information.Studies on the effects of negotiation conflicts date back to the 1950's (Lewicki, Saunders, ; Berry, 2006). Similar research continues today where studies examine the fact-based variables like gender, ethnicity, age, marital status, socioeconomic status, and cultural background. Negotiations don't Just happen in hostage situations or when buying a car. They occur on a daily basis from determining salary increases or where the family should eat for dinner. The reason for the negotiation doesn't matter, what matters is the art in which one negotiates.If done properly, the egotiation could end in a positive manner by resolving the conflict. By gathering the appropriate information, organizing it accordingly, in taking available information from the opposition, and weighing the facts of both ends, negotiating may be far less complex. Effective communication in the verbal and nonverbal form is important to overall success. Organized information, effective communication, and active listening are important assets to effective negotiations.

Magazines articles Essay

I enjoyed multiple stories in this film. The first story that stood out for me the most was the mother who had cancer. This story was extremely sad for me because I could not picture my mother in that position. I believe they are communicating through filming because the mother wants to put her story out there. By watching this film the mother seems like she is a strong person who does not mind putting her story out there because she does not want anyone to feel like they are the only ones going through this experience. My reaction was surprised when I saw her marks on her back from the cancer. I did not think she would show that on camera to the world. In her case I believe that verbal communication was the most affective especially when she was talking to her son. The next story that stood out for me was the older couple who wrote their vows for each other. I found that clip humorous. I believe for them communicating verbally is special for them to share what they want for each oth er. Just from watching their clip I could get an insight of their life just by the way they jokes with each other in their vows. It is easy to tell that they have a strong marriage and are not afraid to joke around with each other. The next story that made me think was the story of the women from Afghanistan. This story was interesting to me because for Americans it is portrayed that the women in Afghanistan have no freedom and are controlled by the men in their life. Showing the women doing karate was an eye opener because it showed me we do not know everything that is going on in Afghanistan. Just because one part of Afghanistan may be a certain way does not mean it is all like that. Non verbal communication made the most impact because just seeing the women doing something they enjoy meant a lot. No words can describe that better than seeing the looks on the women’s faces when they are enjoying themselves. Being in different countries sometimes you can’t believe everything you see in politics or see on the news and media. This clip was a perfect example of that. This whole video made an impact on me because it showed me that when I am laying in my bed with all my blankets and pillows there are many people out there my age sleeping on the streets with no food or even shelter. When I am riding the bus to class somewhere around the world a young man or woman is carrying all of their belongings on their back.

Week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Week 6 - Essay Example The first evident characteristic of Baroque in this sculpture is drama and emotion, which makes the audience share the feelings of Bernini. Drama and emotion are brought out by the space around the statue. Another Baroque characteristic in this sculpture is twisting and uncontrolled torsos, which create a tortion that, enhance a dynamic representation of the figure. Finally, the sculpture depicts use of tenebrism as seen by the sharp contrast between the sculpture and its background. The background is completely dark while the sculpture itself is light. Michelangelo’s David is a High Renaissance work, which takes the form of a pyramidal composition revealing stability of the sculpture. This contrasts with Bernini’s David, which is a Baroque style represented by diagonal lines that show energy, drama, and movement. Hence, while Michelangelo focus on representing the beauty of David, Bernini is concerned with emotion that ignites reaction from the audience. On the other hand, Donatello’s David is an early Renaissance work that depicts the reemergence of nudity. In addition, the sculpture unlike Bernini’s shows no motion and drama. In Donatello’s sculpture, a victorious David is standing as a representation of the Republic of Florence blessed by God. Therefore, there is no emotion as in the sculpture of Bernini, but a mere representation of might and

Redgate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Redgate - Essay Example While one cannot rule the application of authoritarian style of leadership, there is evidence suggesting democracy as main approach in the company. Thus, the issues to be discussed include the rapid increase of the workforce and the company’s lack of debt despite being such a big firm. In this paper, the focus will be on this company where certain areas will be scrutinised. First, every company utilises certain leadership styles on its day-to-day operations, and in this case, the paper will analyse how Redgate applies this theory. In addition, the organisational structure and design for the company will be analysed as well. The objective of this report is to investigate if the company’s success is primarily a result of the leadership style and the use of the organisation structure and design. Often, there arise debates as to whether these two theories contribute significantly to the success of businesses. By conducting this research with Redgate being the case study, this paper will give a comprehensive and empirical report on the facts about the theories. Upon providing these facts, which will be both accurate and unbiased, the research will offer businesspersons the much-needed opportunity to apply or disregard the theories accordingly. Besides, this report will achieve another important objective: providing upcoming businesspersons with crucial information on the effectiveness or lack of the same of the said theories. Redgate Company was little known especially after its inception in 1999, but that is no longer the case today. Then, the company started it like any other, and there were no indications that after twelve years the company’s success would be evident to everyone. The number of employees was as little as 20, but the figure later rose to 80. Today, Redgate offers employment close to 300 employees. The first issue that was noticed at the company was the

Voting Behaviour in the United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Voting Behaviour in the United Kingdom - Essay Example Furthermore, some of these factors play more important role than the other ones, and different voting campaigns show different tendencies. This paper will argue that such factors as age, gender, income, ethnicity and some others can influence voting behaviour in the United Kingdom, and that it is very important for sociologists, politicians and PR specialists to take into account the combination of these factors. 2. The most significant factors of voting behaviour in the United Kingdom are social class, geography, age and background, public opinion and media. Social class of voters is concerned as the most important factor: "When voting analysis began in 1945 it became clear that social class was the most important factor in the way people traditionally voted. People tended to vote according to their natural class" (Voting Behaviour). It is evident that upper and middle classes tend to vote Conservative, while upper and lower working class votes for Labour, but actually this tendency has changed - it is connected to the media activity and the politics of Conservative party which tries to attract the population of lower income, while the Labour party politics moves to the right.1 This tendency can also be explained by the changing of the population structure in the last half of the 20th century: "Since the 1970s, the number of manual workers has fallen from nearly 50% of the population to jus t 33%. This is because of the changes in employment patterns, educational opportunities and the rising standard of living" (Voting Behaviour). But in spite of that the factor of social class is still rather strong in British voting behavior. In addition to that, the household also plays very important role in voting pattern in the United Kingdom. People who live together traditionally vote for the same party, and this factor should also be taken into account: "Since we expect members of households to vote together, this means that the number of households in which all members vote for the same party should be greater than expected, whereas the number in which different members vote for different parties (or abstain) should be less than expected" (Johnston et al., 2003). Geographical location of voters also affects voting behaviour in the United Kingdom. The north of the UK, as well as Wales, tends to vote for Labour, while the southern part of the country usually votes for Conservative: "In 2001, the southern part of England voted 56.3% for the Conservative Party whilst the north of England, Scotland and Wales voted 82.4% in favour of the Labour Party" (Voting Behaviour). This tendency is connected to the historical and industrial development of different regions in Great Britain: the north and Wales are industrial regions where trade unions activity is traditionally high, and the population mostly votes for Labour. The factor of age also plays role in political preferences in Great Britain. Often people under 35 vote for Labour while older people vote for Conservative. This tendency can be explained by the Labour party politics directing younger population: "Those under 35 tend to vote Labour and the Conservative

Black women thru history Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black women thru history - Research Paper Example To allow her personal aspirations to fall victim to life's hardships was a solution that many slaves accepted, but for Harriet Tubman that would have been a costly sacrifice. Through perseverance, drive, and passion she rose above difficulties, and her long term goal to be free served as a light at the end of a seemingly never -ending tunnel. After releasing herself from the curse of slavery, Harriet Tubman sensed to be grateful to assist others see their illumination at the ending of their tunnel. Until the Civil War, she used all her money and resources to return to the south in secret. There were about nineteen trips like this, in which she brought more than three hundred slaves out of bondage. Then again, in the summer of 1863, during the war, she led a major raid into enemy territory resulting in the freeing of more slaves and the destruction of supplies that could aid the enemy. She also served at a number of hospitals were she nursed and healed both blacks and whites. After th e war, Harriet Tubman was an advocate for women's suffrage; and until her death in 1913 she worked for the poor, the disadvantaged, and the elderly among African Americans. Harriet Tubman was one who was dedicated to helping others know the satisfaction of obtaining their goals. No matter what her situation, if there was a knock on her door, she would answer it as she was able. During the course of her life Harriet Tubman has suffered for what she believed. She took the road least traveled by many slaves which had made all the difference in her life. She did not let anything stand in her way to freedom. When she was in her teens, she no longer allowed to work indoors because the masters though she would be better working in fields. In 1844 she got married. The amazing parts in her life began when the owner of the Bordras Plantation died. In 1849 her fears were realized when the owner of Brodas plantation died and many slaves were to be sold. When she heard her fate she decided to es cape that night the only person she informed was her sister because she knew her husband would snitch on her. She was much considerate about her family members. She went back to Maryland to rescue her sister’s family and she succeeded. Then they returned to transport her brothers to the North. Later she came for her husband, but he remarried and didn’t follow her. In 1857 she finally returned for her and settled her perents in Audurn, New York. She was nicknamed the "Moses of her people," because she helped so many blacks escape slavery. (Taylor, 66) In all, Harriet made 19 trips on the Underground Railroad and freed more then 300 slaves. With the arrival of the civil war, Harriet became a spy for the union army. She later worked in Washington D.C as government nurse. At the end of the war, Harriet returned to her parents in Aurbarn. On March 10, 1913 Harriet died of pneumonia. She was 93 years old. Harriet Tubman saved 300 slaves in 19 trips. She got married twice. Sh e lived a very long life. She made a big difference in many peoples lives .And I think she will always be a hero. Harriet herself fled to Pennsylvania with help from the Underground Railroad. She faced many problems on her way to freedom especially encounters with bounty hunters because of the $12 000

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

HRM - Essay Example As a decision strategy, Thurlby was reported to indicate that â€Å"those who refused had less chance of being shortlisted for a future top job at the company† (Peacock, 2010, par. 1). In this regard, the essay aims to address the following objectives, to wit: (1) to identify three important HR issues that are raised by this scenario (from the article); (2) to review and summarize the most pertinent research evidence and contemporary thinking relating to these issues; and (3) to set out clear and concise research-based advice to HR professionals who face similar situations. Specifically, the above mentioned objectives would be tackled using the topics on international employees resourcing, resistance and managing cultural diversity in multinational organizations. Three Important HR Issues The article written by Peacock (2010) proffered three contemporary and critical issues that face global organizations: international employees resourcing, resistance and managing cultural div ersity in multinational organizations. These issues would be discussed in greater detail, as follows: 1. International Employees Resourcing The distinct characteristics of an international manager, known as an expatriate manager has been noted by Schneder and Barsoux (2003) as â€Å"a new type of cosmopolitan, multilingual, multifaceted executive who is operational across national borders (somewhat like James Bond)† (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003, p. 185). The plight and challenges experienced by expatriates are closely evaluated by Pires, Stanton & Ostenfeld (2006) in their discourse that aimed to provide guidelines to improve the adjustments and effectiveness of expatriates’ movement to ethnically diverse environments. Jordan & Cartwright (1998) depicted the most apt key traits and competencies that organizations should be aware of in selecting expatriate managers. Further, expatriation was seen as a promoter of change and an interrupter of status quo (Glanz & van der Sluis, 2001) that options need to be determined by organizations in terms of establishing a career plan to encourage the expatriate’s decision to move and determining options for the expatriates’ spouses. The Business Dictionary (2011) defines an expatriate as â€Å"a person who has citizenship in at least one country, but who is living in another country. Most expatriates only stay in the foreign country for a certain period of time, and plan to return to their home country eventually, although there are some who never return to their country of citizenship† (par. 1). In the case of Jaguar, the HR director specifically stated that the potential expatriate manager would be relocated to China on a three-year assignment. Concurrently, â€Å"those with partners, or children in schools, were often put off the upheaval of moving abroad† (Peacock, 2010, par. 2). The apprehension from the points of views of potential expatriate managers could be analyzed in term s of the potential problems identified as follows: (1) unprepared and ill-equipped to conform to the demands of a new environment; (2) failure

Sally hemings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sally hemings - Essay Example Physical and sexual abuses were part of their slave lives, and family relationships were always unstable because slave trades frequently broke up families. The American colonies practiced this slavery throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, until the American Civil War and leaders like Abraham Lincoln put an end to it. However, even after the abolishment of slavery system, the legacy of slavery influenced the American history, in the disruptive years of Reconstruction. When slavery existed in United States of American, it was considered to be a cruel part of history. However, for Sally Hemings, it was a completely different story. She gave up freedom for many uncertain reasons. The different facets of Hemings as concubine, mother, slave, and the privileges she had for being a slave is analyzed in detail. â€Å"Being a woman added burdens to a slaves life but also furthered the ‘cooperation and interdependence’ necessary for a womans survival†.1 This statement aptly fits the life of Sally Hemings. She was a enslaved woman of mixed-race who was owned by then President, Thomas Jefferson. She was said to have had a long-term relationship with Jefferson, consequently bearing as many as six children with him. She was born in 1773 to Elizabeth (Betty) Hemings and John Wayles, Thomas Jefferson’s father-in-law. She entered Monticello as part of inheritance that was given to his Jefferson’s wife Martha Wayles Jefferson. Initially, she was a nursemaid to Jefferson’s daughters doing household chores and other works that an enslaved woman would do. Later, in 1784, when Jefferson travelled to Paris, Hemings accompanied him with his 8-year old daughter named Martha. It is said that it was during this time that the relationship between Jefferson and Hemings could have developed. There are many instances to show that Sally Hemings gave up her

The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 was due to an aggressive German foreign policy which had been waged since c.1900 Essay Example for Free

The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 was due to an aggressive German foreign policy which had been waged since c.1900 Essay How far do you agree with this opinion? Explain your answer using the evidence in Sources V, W and X and your own knowledge of the issues relating to the controversy. It’s debatable whether Germany’s foreign policy created long term tension which led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914. The argument commonly raised is whether this movement was aggressive or defensive and how this stemmed from c.1900. Berghahn’s representation argues that it was both domestic and foreign policies which led to war however not from as early as c. 1900. Blackburn’s representation counters this and states it was in fact international tensions prior to c.1900 which created the war; despite the fact it states their actions were defensive. Lastly Moses’ representation suggests it was not just Germany to blame and Austria were also partly responsible. Berghahn’s argument is the strongest as it has a clear argument and both supports and challenges the claim. Overall it’s clear the outbreak of the war was caused by Germany’s aggressive foreign policy in the long term since c.1900. The strongest representation agrees with the given statement in that the aggressive foreign policy was responsible. Blackbourn states that long term aggression since the 1890s did lead to the war, and that the admiral Tirpitz built the battle fleet, purposely ‘aimed at the British’ suggesting an aggressive attitude. In 1898 a new naval law proceeded through Flottenpolitik by Tirpitz suggesting a larger navy is necessary to defend and prevent war with opposing fleets. This competition with Britain continued and in 1906 the naval race reached a new level when the British created the HMS Dreadnaught, a new battleship which carried 10, 12 inch guns. This suggests long term international tension created through the naval race which stemmed prior to 1900, agreeing with the statement. Secondly Berghahn states that the Army Bill of 1913, had ‘unleashed yet another major conflict’, another aggressive move imposed by the Germans. The Army Bill was created from the Balkans War of 1912 when the Germans aimed to increase troops by 170,000 and although the French and Russians also improved their troops by increasing the length of compulsory service; the entente powers were also rapidly developing. This supports Blackbourn’s representation through the long term aggression methods originally developed to protect themselves, which could be seen either aggressively or defensively. However by 1913 it was apparent a war was near which indicates an aggressive plan to defend. Lastly Moses’ representation suggests that Germany planned to ‘unleash a war’ only a month previous to the Sarajevo murder. This overall indicates only to a short term planned aggression which both agrees and challenges the claim. The Schlieffen plan supports this idea, acting as the first aggressive move played by the Germans in 1914. This attempted to remove France before Russia mobilises to further help Germany when the war proceeded. Moses representation supports the idea of an aggressive German foreign policy however only from a much shorter time scale. To summarise Blackbourn’s idea of long term aggression is the strongest representation out of the three, due to support from other sources as well as further evidence. Another viewpoint is that of Berghahns, which suggests that Germany used the ‘escape forwards’ plan as a way of solving all domestic issues and thus being able to resolve foreign issues too. ‘The diplomatic isolation of Germany which started in 1904 had worsened the generals could only think of further rearmaments expenditure as a remedy’. Germany had many domestic problems which led to them being divided both politically and socially. Unemployment was high in Germany at this point and the industrial revolution also meant that strikes were occurring often. And in 1912 election the SPD challenged the Elites, which led to further division within society. These domestic issues involved over time which suggests that Germany were looking for a way out of their isolation, however it challenges the claim as this result wasn’t intentionally violent. Moses’ representation counters this as he states it was more so international tensions which caused the controversy , the shorter time period mentioned of summer 1914 also suggests that the domestic reasons had little or no involvement behind the planning as they had stemmed prior to this. The weakening of the Triple Alliance supports this and shows the tension between Austria /Hungary and Germany. Blackbourn’s representation agrees with Berghahns and states that ‘they would have preferred to get what they wanted without war’ and also that Tirpitz ‘professed peaceful intentions’ regarding the battle fleet. This suggests all aggressive actions were completed in a defensive manner in order to protect and maintain Germany. Blackbourn agrees that all Germany wanted was peace however the only way they managed this was through war. Overall it’s clear that part of Germany’s intentions were for resolving domestic problems; however it’s debatable that this wasn’t the primary reason for Germany’s outbreak of war in 1914. The final viewpoint of Moses suggests that it was the role of other powers and primarily Austria and Hungary. The friction between the two allies persisted during the entire war and ‘flared up every time there was a military crisis’ Immediately before the war the heir to the Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand was shot by a member of the Serbian Black Hand gang, this conflict between Austria and Serbia increased when several ultimatums issued by Austria were declined. This assassination in Sarajevo was the breaking point and the last stage before war broke out. Berghahn agrees and suggests that Germany felt isolated and encircled and that ‘the weakening of the position of the Dual Alliance’ caused another major conflict. The friction initiated from the feud in the Balkans which challenges the claim as this occurred only in 1912. However the alliance between Germany and Austria was created in 1879. The Balkans war caused a lot of new conflict and increased old friction, emphasising the time for war was near. This suggests that it was Germany’s aggressive foreign policy which led to the war, but also the role of international aggression too. Blackbourn’s representation strongly agrees with Moses and states that ‘German actions going back to the 1890s had done much to create international tension’. This agrees with the claim that not only was it a long term aggression but also that it was mainly international. Although a few years later, this is supported by the Moroccan Crisis which saw tensions rise between France and Germany who fought for half a dozen years over the possession of Morocco. Germany failed numerous times at claiming the country despite many aggressive attempts. Overall its clear many viewpoints believe that Germany wasn’t singly responsible for the aggressive outbreak of war in 1914 and much evidence prior to c.1900 supports this. To conclude it’s clear that Blackbourns main argument of an aggressive outbreak due to Germans foreign policy is the most supported response. Both Moses’ and Berghahn’s representations support this claim and argue that although Germany had many domestic problems these weren’t the factor which led to the outbreak of war in 1914.

Online Shopping Essay Example for Free

Online Shopping Essay It won’t be a wrong thing to say that the present world is a digital world where the world is shrinking day by day on the screen of the Smartphone. People spend a lot more time on internet for fun and work and even now prefer to shop online. But there is a group which prefers to shop from the physical stores. What is your view? Is shopping online a better idea in today’s world? Read more:  Online Shopping Disadvantages Yes:- †¢ It is a boon for working people who hardly find any time from the busy schedule to go out and visit the physical outlets for shopping. †¢ It is just not about buying the luxuries online but now it is a platform where people look to order for groceries and other essential products required in daily life. †¢ There is a great flexibility to compare the prices when you shop online. You can visit the different websites and can then choose the best deal. †¢ There is no time restriction when it comes to shopping online. No matter where you are at the home or in office, you can buy from anywhere and anytime. †¢ When you shop online you can go through the customer reviews to get the idea about the utility and quality of the product. †¢ There is no headache to deal with the sales people who stay after you and pressurize you to buy products in the physical stores. †¢ With the help of online shopping it has becomes easier for the people to buy gifts and flowers and send them to their loved ones on special occasions. No :- †¢ The first problem definitely is of quality. You cannot touch and see the products before you buy them. †¢ Online shopping always comes with the risk of insecure online payment and the fraudulent sites claiming to sell genuine products. †¢ When you buy anything online then there is the compulsion to wait for the products for some days. You cannot get the delivery at the same time. †¢ The greatest headache in online shopping is of return policies. The return policies are not at all buyer’s friendly. Moreover it is a long and complex procedure. †¢ People are getting addicted to internet for their each and every need. If they won’t step out of the home for the simple thing like shopping also then they are at a higher risk of confining themselves to the virtual world. †¢ When you shop online then you have to pay extra as shipping costs. Sometimes the cost of the product is less than the shipping costs. Conclusion:- The coin has two sides head and tail, life has two phases good and bad, everything has its own sets of advantages and disadvantages. The only thing is that be sensible in whatever mode of shopping you use. If you do then online or physical, all are fine.

Proactive Network Defence Techniques in Security Attacks

Proactive Network Defence Techniques in Security Attacks 1. Introduction Network Security in the twenty-first century is one of the critical aspects for the effective management and protection of the enterprise data alongside its sustained operations (Stallings, 2007[1]). This is naturally because of the fact that the threat for network security has increased from passive attacks to active breach of the security through exploiting the vulnerabilities of the network and its set-up as argued by McClure et al, 2007[2]. This makes it clear that apart from the traditional security measures in and organization, it is essential to launch a pro-active approach to identify and prevent attacks on the network. In this report a critical review on the application of proactive network defence techniques to help identify and prevent security attacks to enable network defence is presented to the reader. 2. What is Proactive Network Defence? The proactive network defence strategy as opposed to the traditional network security differs mainly in its application within a given network. This is because of the fact that the proactive network defence strategy is predominantly involved in the process of analysing incoming communication and data transfer within the organization’s network to identify patterns for virus attack or security breach outside the purview of the virus definitions that are normally handled by anti-virus software used. This makes it clear that the application of the pro-active network defence strategy in an organization mainly focused on identifying and preventing new virus patterns, Trojan programs, etc., as opposed to handling the existing virus definitions (Todd and Johnson, 2001[3]). Todd and Johnson (2001) further argues that the network attacks by hackers and other unauthorised users is mainly through exploiting the vulnerabilities in the existing set-up of a network and the programs used for communication etc., This makes it clear that the use of the proactive network defence strategy is a key requirement to assess the communication infrastructure and the protocols used on a regular basis to identify potential vulnerabilities through constant analysis in order to help prevent malicious attacks exploiting such vulnerabilities (McClure et al, 2007). Some of the key proactive network defence strategies are discussed with examples in the subsequent sections of this report. The application of proactive network defence can be accomplished through implementing a set of applications that are targeted to perform network data analysis and performance analysis on the network as well as the computers connected to the network. This strategy will help feed the network security definitions with potential threats to the network thus enabling the organization to update the network security policies by an organization. Another critical factor associated with the network security and proactive defence approach is the increasing need for sustainability over disaster recovery for uninterrupted operations of the core business processes. This makes it clear that the implementation of proactive network defence strategies through continuously monitoring the network traffic will help achieve the desired level of network defence against external attacks. The level of threats faced by a network varies with the extent to which its vulnerabilities are visible to the hackers and the nature of the information being handled. 3. Event Correlation This is deemed to be one of the key elements of proactive network defence as the events leading to the security attack like a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack when analysed online can help prevent the attack rather than repair the damage post-recovery of the attack (Hariri et al, 2005[4]). This process is mainly the ability to use the proactive network defence system to analyse the network data and the events handled by an application as part of the network communication in order to identify patterns of unusual nature that can affect the network defence as argued by Todd and Johnson (2001). One of the key areas where event correlation online is necessary would be the ICMP attacks and the DoS attacks mentioned above. In these cases the major vulnerability of the network is the ability of the attacker to exploit the basic nature of the protocol architecture and logical conditions that lead to the handshake and subsequent communication between the parties involved. The spoofing and flooding attacks that exploit the network layer protocol communication vulnerabilities associated with the handshake process. The sequence of events that lead to the successful attack are mainly associated with the network switch or the hub failing to recognise the malicious user in the handshake process resulting in the transfer of data to the unauthorised user. The events correlation at the network level on the hub will help analyse the series of events in the handshake process raised by the unauthorised user just by identifying the level of communication ports dedicated to the channel for communication thus helping prevent such an attack at the network level. Apart from the case of spoofing and flooding at the network layer protocol attacks, the process of event correlation is one of the critical components of proactive network defence owing to the fact that the communication vulnerabilities is evident at all the communication layers of the TCP/IP model as well as the applications using them for communication as argued by Conway (2004) (2004)[5]. This is naturally because of the fact that the event correlation is one of the major elements that help identify new Trojan programs that have infiltrated the firewall. Once the events are recorded, a correlation either linear or non-linear would help identify potential threats to the network by identifying Vulnerabilities in the network The programs that have exploited such vulnerabilities The events leading to the threat Upon identifying the above, a network administrator can successfully prevent the attack by updating the security policies and virus definitions of the network’s anti-virus program. Another example for the case above will be the Pine e-mail program in UNIX and Linux Machines that generated temporary file a user was editing an e-mail message (Howard and Whittaker, 2005[6]). The event correlation process can help identify the sequence of events associated with the access of the temporary files by unauthorised users. The above example also justifies that the communication level security vulnerability is not the only issue but also the actual software application that is utilising the communication protocol (Conway, 2004). 4. Real-time Analysis and Event logging The process of real-time analysis is deemed to be one of the key aspects of proactive network defence. This is necessary because both the software application vulnerability and the network vulnerability. The real-time analysis as argued by Hariri et al (2005) is mainly performed as a listener service that is dedicated to capture the events as they occur whilst analysing them against the logged events from either a database-based application or the event logs that are generated by the operating system. This is the process that can help control the network attacks as the comparison with the historic events is one of the key aspects associated with identifying planned attacks on a network as argued by Hariri et al (2005). The use of the real-time analysis of the events along with using the existing set of events is indeed a memory rich and processor demanding process. Hence the implementation of this procedure across a wide network would require effective configuration of the available resources in order to optimize the network performance for running the enterprise applications. The implementation of the real-time analysis strategy as part of the proactive network defence is deemed to be an advanced level of security implementation purely due to the fact that the resources consumed and the nature of the requirement to prevent the slightest attack on the network. This makes it clear that the real-time analysis with correlation to the archive events in either the event logs or database is not an option for small and medium enterprises whilst the real-time analysis in itself is a powerful tool that can help fend the network attacks effectively in a proactive manner. One of the major areas where the real-time analysis is applicable is the case of spyware (Luo, 2006[7]). The case of spyware is predominantly dependant on the ability to mask the events and listen into the target computer/network without the knowledge of the user. The use of the real-time analysis of the events will help identify patterns that can be assessed in order to identify potential spyware that are running in the computer. The use of real-time analysis as part of the proactive network defence will also help identify critical issues associated with the network performance as the primary aim of attackers is the de-stabilise the network. The use of the real-time analysis to review the network performance will help prevent the infiltration of hackers through the use of listeners programs on the transport layer and network layer protocols either through opening an additional communication port or through flooding the communication ports with malicious handshake requests. Attacks like Tiny Fragment Attack which is targeted on the TCP protocol through exploiting the filtering rules of the protocol algorithm can be identified effectively using the real-time analysis. The use of appropriate conditions on identifying the filtering rules’ manipulation in the real-time analysis will help achieve the desired level of network defence whilst preventing the exploitation of the TCP protocol rules. Spyware related attacks that threaten the corporate environment heavily as argued by Lou (2006) can be identified and prevented effectively using the proactive network defence strategies. The real-time analysis strategy of proactive network defence will help accomplish the desired level of network defence whilst continuously analysing the data transferred across the network. 5. Access Control and Network Immunity The use of the access control and network immunity in a network defence strategy is one of the major areas where the network security can be maintained whilst preventing the unauthorised access to the network/network resources as argued by Hariri et al (2005). The proactive network defence strategy in an organization though event correlation and real-time analysis can be achieved effectively through enabling a robust access control policy across the network as argued by Conway (2004). This owing to the fact that the code hacking targeted on the TLS and SET protocols of the TCP/IOP protocol stack can be identified through analysis through the effective use of the access control policies as argued by Conway (2004). This is plausible by integrating the real-time analysis with the access control policies of the network thus providing the ability to handle exceptions and violations to the network access for a given user registered with the network. It is further critical to appreciate the fact that the major vulnerability within a network is the access control which when not implemented effectively will provide room for the registered users to exploit their network access rights. Role-Based Access control that is deemed to be a logical and proactive measure to prevent the malicious access to the information whilst enabling robust access control policy is one of the strategies that can help achieve proactive network defence. The combined use of the real-time analysis and the Role-Based Access Control methodology will help accomplish proactive network defence against external as well as internal attacks on the network. Application penetration as argued by Howard and Whittaker (2005) is one of the major areas where the network immunity strategy can help achieve proactive network defence against malicious attacks on the network. As the inherent weaknesses of the application when identified by the hacker to use for his/her benefit will result in the network being attacked from the core through the application, it is necessary to implement strategies like the aforementioned in order to enable reliable network security. This process is also evident in the case of throughput-based attacks on the communication protocols like the Blind-Throughput reduction attack which can be used by the attacker to reduce the amount of data transferred on purpose when using ICMP protocols. The use of the network immunity through real-time analysis and the use of access control strategies will help draft a better appreciation of the issue faced by the network and the cause for the performance reduction. This when identifie d can be integrated to the existing security policies of the network in order to prevent abuse of the vulnerabilities within the network. The case of through reduction attacks also accompany the threat of forcing the server computer to re-send the same message multiple times with reduction in the packet size owing to the inability of the destination to receive the packet. This strategy popularly known as the performance degradation attack by the hackers can have serious impact on the server performance due to the lack of the server to cater for more number of users can be identified through the use of proactive network defence strategies like real-time analysis and network immunity to ensure that the performance of the network as well as the computers connected to the network are not affected. The use of event correlation and real-time analysis strategies will help identify the critical issues associated with the communication port related attacks on server computers like the TCP port 80 attacks can be identified and prevented effectively. As the port 80 is one of the key communication ports for TCP protocol in external communication, the exploitation of this vulnerability will affect the overall performance of the server computer being attacked thus resulting in performance degradation. The use of the proactive monitoring methods for network defence can help overcome these issues by identifying patterns through running correlation (linear or non-linear) to prevent new attacks targeted on such communication ports. The HTTP protocol which is a critical element in the Web-based applications for electronic commerce is another key application layer protocol that is targeted by hackers on specific communication ports of the computers involved in the communication. 6. Applied Proactive Network Defence and Protocol Attacks’ countermeasures The countermeasures for protocol attacks specific to the vulnerability in each network communication protocols used for communication over the Internet are mainly reactive in nature. This is because of the fact that the countermeasures Port Randomization for Blind Connection Reset Attack etc., were set in place following an attack but not prevented through assessing the network communication architecture beforehand. In case of the use of the proactive network defence strategy, the key advantage is to use specific software algorithms to assess the existing network and perform a vulnerability check in order to identify the key areas where there will be potential external attacks. This approach will help prevent new attacks through enabling new virus definitions that handle exceptions raised through these attacks. The applied proactive network defence strategy is deemed to be a continuously evolving strategy that can help identify and handle vulnerabilities in the network as well as the applications used in the network. This makes it clear that the effective use of the applied proactive network defence strategies will help realize the desired network security at an on-going basis as opposed to the traditional countermeasures approach which is mainly reactive in nature. 7. Conclusion From the discussion presented above it is clear that the proactive network defence when applied across a given enterprise network will help achieve a dynamic network security management. However, the key element that must be appreciated is the fact that the network security must be enabled for the existing security threats using the security definitions and policies defined by the organization alongside the commercial software used for the network security. The continuous update of the virus definitions alongside the firewall configuration and security updates from the security software vendor is critical for the network security. The major advantage of the use of the proactive network defence strategy is the ability to identify patterns that may have been missed by the definitions from the security software vendor. The configuration of proactive network defence system to the security requirements specific to the organization’s network will help implement a layer of security o ver the otherwise reactive network security strategy. It is also critical to appreciate that the proactive network defence in an organization will help address not only the security related aspects of the network but provide a comprehensive support strategy by analysing the performance of the network and the server/nodes comprising the network. The applied proactive network defence strategy is thus a layer of security that can help effectively use the security software and network resources in an integrated fashion. Footnotes [1] Stallings, W. (2007), Cryptography and Network Security: 4th Edition, Prentice Hall [2] McClure, S.; Kurtz, G.; and Scambray, J. (2005), Hacking Exposed – 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill [3] Todd, C. and Johnson, N. L. (2001), Hack Proofing Windows 2000 Server Security, Syngress Publishing [4] Hariri, S.; Guangzhi Qu; Modukuri, R.; Huoping Chen and Yousif, M.; (2005), Quality-of-protection (QoP)-an online monitoring and self-protection mechanism, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on Volume 23, Issue 10 [5] Conway, R. (2004), Code Hacking : A Developers Guide to Network Security, Charles River Media [6] Howard, M. and Whittaker, J. A. (2005), Application Penetration Testing, IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY, 1540-7993/05/$20.00 [7] Luo, X. (2006), A Holistic Approach for Managing Spyware, E D P A C S, VOL. XXXIII, NO. 11

Publications :: essays research papers

S.L., Roy D.,LA SELECTION DES CADRES: PRINCIPES ET PROBLÈMS CONTEMPORAINS. (MANAGERIAL SELECTION: PRINCIPLES AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS). Monograph Series No. 11. Montreal, The University of Montreal. 1982. 165 pp. Dolan S.L., Schuler R.S., (eds): CANADIAN READINGS IN PERSONNEL AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. St.-Paul, MN. West Publishing Company 1987, 467 pp. Dolan S.L., Schuler R.S., PERSONNEL AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN CANADA. St.-Paul, MN. West Publishing Company. 1987. 620 pp. Dolan S.L., Schuler R.S., Chretien L.,GESTION DES RESSOURCES HUMAINES, Montreal, EDITIONS DU TRECARRE ET EDITIONS REYNALD GOULET INC.,1988, 453 pp. Dolan S.L., Schuler R.S., HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: THE CANADIAN DYNAMIC. 2nd edition. Nelson Canada. Scarborough, Ontario 1994, 700 pp. Dolan S.L. Schuler R.S., GESTION DES RESSOURCES HUMAINES: AU SEUIL DE L'AN 2000 . Editions du Renouveau Pà ©dagogique Inc. (ERPI). Montreal, 1995 , 747pp. ARTICLES IN SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS Dolan S.L., Hogue V.P., Harbottle J., "L'evolution des tendances en gestion des ressources humaines au Quà ©bec", in Blouin R. (ed.) 25 YEARS OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN QUEBEC. Montreal, Yvon Blais Inc. 1990: 777-789. Leonard C., Dolan S.L., Arsenault A., "Stability and Variability of two Common Measures of Absence", Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1990, vol 63: 309-316. Dolan S.L., Tziner A., "The Assessment Center revisited: Critical Evaluation of Philosophy, Theory, Instruments and Practices" in Herd A.M., Ferris W.P., (Eds): Empowerement in the Workplace and Classroom (Proceedings of the Twenty- Eighth Annual Meeting of the Eastern Academy of Management). EAM, Hartford, Conn. 1991: 170-173. Dolan S.L. "Critical Issues in the Management of Human Resources in the 90s", Human Resources (Israel), Vol 4(44), 1991: 8-13 . (in Hebrew) Tziner A., Reid A., Dolan S.L., "Les centres d'evaluation: une revue critique de quelques thà ¨mes fondamentaux", Psychologie canadienne/Canadian Psychology, Vol 34(1), 1993: 110-120 Balkin D., Dolan S.L., "Rewarding Team quality: Contributions in the Canadian Telecommunications Industry: The case of Bell Canada" Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Work Values (Research and Managerial Applications), Borg I. & Dolan S.L., (eds.), ISSWOV, Barcelona, 1994: 1-10 Belout A., Dolan S.L., L`à ©valuation des directions des ressources humaines par l`approche Multiple-Constituency : une à ©tude empà ©rique, Actes du Congrà ¨s de L`Institute de l`Audit Social de Paris (IAE), Aix-en-Province, 1994: Dolan S.L., Morin D., "The Effect of Rater-Ratee Relationship on Ratee Perceptions of the Appraisal Process", The International Journal of Management, 1995 , Vol 12(3): 337-351. Dolan S.L., Cannings C., "Professional and Organizational Values in Human Resource Management", International Journal of Management, 1995, Vol 12(4): 520-529. Dolan S.L., Forgues K. and Balkin D., "Selected Aspects of Compensation, TQM and Organizational Success: Defining and

Sociology of The Simpsons :: Sociology Essays

Sociology of the Simpsons The definition of what consitutes a â€Å"familyâ€Å" has definatly changed over time. Usually, what constitutes making up a family is relative to a specific culture, but as always, there are exceptions to the rule. Ever since the golden age of television had sprung upon American culture, it has tried to mimic the "ideal" American family through it's programming. Even as early as the 1950's, television producers made programming that would represent what exactly the ideal American family was. Take for example the show "Leave It to Beaver". There was a father figure, his job, or responsibility rather, was to financially support the family, while being an exemplary father to his children. The mother on the other hand, was solely responsible for being a typical housewife, while not neglecting the rearing of her children. The children did not have any real responsibility, but they respected their parents and attempted to stay out of trouble. Television shows for the most part in this early era of programming followed among these guidelines. However, it is not in a drama that American family life is best represented in the 1990's. Instead, it is in the animated series, "The Simpsons". "The Simpsons" follows suit with the other dramas that reflected the decade in which they aired. According to the U.S. consensus for March 1998, the majority of households in America are married couples (U.S. Consensus pp. 1, 3,4,6). The Simpson's meet this. Also according to the consensus, the average married couple has approximately 2.6 children per household (U.S. Consensus, Household Characteristics p.1). Since there cannot be six-tenths of a child, I will round up to three children, in which the Simpson family has: Bart, Lisa and Maggie. Also, the average American is a blue-collar worker. The father figure, Homer, meets this factor with his job at the nuclear power plant within his hometown of Springfield. So according to the statistics, the Simpson family could be considered an average American family. Homer Simpson is the father figure of the household, whose responsibilities include financially supporting the household, since he is the household's primary source of income. He has his flaws like any person would, but somehow he and his family tend to work it out. Some of his mishaps are very similar to those that most of us have had to face.

Professionalism Essay

Professionalism is the first thing that is being notice when you are in a workplace. Professionalism is defined as a set of characteristics and skills. Being in a medical health field, or in any business that requires interactions, professionalism is expected when working with clients. For me, aside from having a profession which is I define as a job, professionalism for me is having all the positive attributes and expertise that you can use when you are in a work environment. Clients often see your professionalism first before they open up to you, some of them will treat you the way you treat them. Being respectful and treating others equally will make client feels that they are not being put aside. Show warm and friendliness toward the client will also make them feel comfortable and at ease with this attitude clients will likely to open up to you and share their worries where you can address their worries and problems quickly. Appearance also play an important role in professionalism, having a great image will give the clients great impressions about you. When you say you work in a medical field, people will begin to think that it’s about cleanliness, with this in mind people will expect you to appear neat and clean. Your facial appearance and dress should reflect the professionalism it takes to do your job and be neat, and clean, and suitable for the workplace. Your appearances portray how professional you are, so wearing the right attire for a workplace is a must, this way clients will be more willing to work with you. Skills are also a big part of being professionals. Employee now days seek employers that have a lot of skills that can be contributed to a workplace and make the workplace works easier and workloads lesser. Aside from being able to speak English well to communicate, organizational skill is one of the skills that being look upon from one person. Having the ability to prioritize tasks, distinguishing tasks to be accomplished, and working excellently with co-worker to accomplished all the works in a work situation will reduce the work in a busy office and keeping the flow of work at a pace that is not chaos. Most work of an MOA in the office is being done in the computer. Computer skills, keyboarding skills, and having the knowledge of using the database that being used for billings and transcription will be your advantages when working in this field. Many hospitals and offices are now turning into computerized environment to reduce too much paper being put into a record. As a Medical office administrations professionals we should all have these characteristics and skills and most importantly we should do our job confidently. As long as we all have these things on us, our work as a Medical office administrator will be easier and we will be able to give our clients a better services and we can make our clients happier.

Working with vulnerable populations can be very stressful

I find that keeping with a predictable routine has a calming effect on my daily life.   It also creates a sense of security and reliability within my relationships with co-workers and clients.This is important as interpersonal relationships should not become an additional source of stress, but instead an integral part of team-building within an organisation.   I would both be a mentor and find a mentor and with reciprocal understanding and direction toward a common goal of doing what is best for the common good, my co-workers and I would help each other work through our similar stresses.I would also be kind but firm with clients and help in any way that is required without taking any clients success or relapse as a personal failure or conversely a thing that I created rather than initiated.   I think it is very stressful to believe that one has total power to change others, as this creates a sense of being that is unrealistic.I will help when I can and do my best to help others in achieving their goals and not take my experiences at work with me when I exit the door to go home.   I will use my personal time to refresh for the next work day.2.   What specific approaches would you take with your clients?I believe that this depends on the individual client’s goals and particular stage of functioning.   Sometimes, it is necessary to undertake crisis stabilization and make sure that a client is not going to harm him or herself.   This is the primary focus and sometimes demands one to restrain and assist a doctor in medication regulation to get the client to a point to initiate the next step in treatment.Identification of issues and maintenance of levels of functioning and increasing self-efficacy in a clients behavior is necessary in a secondary stage approach to client management.Management on a tertiary stage would include helping with individual growth and development to assist each person to becoming as healthy as possible and at the highest level of functioning possible.   At this point, goal-setting and group therapy would be a good approach.3.   Do you believe that there are any clients that you would not be able to effectively care for?No, I am a firm believer of Carl Rogers person-centered therapy and the need to assist others with unconditional positive regard.   As a Humanist, I believe that each person should help others achieve what goals they set for themselves and to resist personal judgment on each individuals sense of person, reality, and future.   Since I waive all judgment as a person of this school of thought, I do not foresee having any person that I cannot properly deal with.If for some strange, idiosyncratic reason, I find myself unable to assist a client properly, I would ethically and without sense of failure ask a colleague for assistance.   I do know my limitations and think that only case overload would ever be an issue.   I need to have enough time to devote to each of my clients an d would clearly address any issues with overload or any other issue promptly and professionally.  

Karl Marx and Capitalism Essay

In this paper I will examine how Karl Marx views capitalism and, more specifically, the criticisms he has regarding capitalism. In the first part of the paper I will reconstruct and explain the philosopher’s argument. In the second part of the paper I will offer my critical evaluation where I will demonstrate how these critiques are still appropriate in today’s society by providing examples of how capitalism is affecting the lives of American workers even today. However, I will first explain the definition and structure of capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system that is most common in the United States and much of Western Europe today. It is represented by privatization of companies for production of goods or services for a profit, competitive markets, and wage labor (â€Å"Capitalism†). These individual skills were initially developed from skills that grew out of the economic time period known as feudalism and has evolved into individuals who possess certain skills that can demand payment. Although this may seem like it would be an ideal situation for workers and provide a platform to provide a service in return for payment of some sort, it soon became evident that there were people who would use this new system of economics to their advantage. Instead of doing the work themselves, they would find skilled workers to provide the service or product under the umbrella of their organization to which they would market and sell the goods for profit. The business owner would make a profit and, in turn, pay the worker a portion for his services provided. Unfortunately, there were others who were unable to make the system work for them in such an advantageous manner. Karl Marx had two basic criticisms of capitalism – especially in his lifetime of the beginning of the industrial revolution and the formation of factories. His first was the thought that the worker suffered from alienation on several different levels. As a capitalistic society succeeds by gaining profit for the companies and business owners, the overall cost of goods needed to live also increases. If the wages earned by workers went up consistently with the profits of society and, thus, the increase in the cost of living, all would be good and balanced. However, that is not the case in most circumstances, in fact, as Marx points out, â€Å"the worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more goods he creates† (Johnson 261). In other words, as the production increases the cost to produce is lowered. The business owner sees those profits in the gross profit obtained by the sale of goods; however, the worker is generally not compensated in a fair and equitable manner. This turns a skill which may or may not have been a passion at one time into something that the worker is forced to do whether they desire to do so or not. Even if a worker enjoyed his occupation, chances are, he or she is being forced to comply with guidelines or standards set by someone else. As a worker you are still not truly free to produce your work according to your standards so you are, in essence, alienating yourself from the product of your work. According to Marx, capitalism has also produced an alienation from nature. He states that the capitalistic society conceals this alienation because it does not examine the direct relationship between the worker and production (Johnson 263). Essentially, the labor of the worker may produce wonderful and beautiful things for the wealthy individuals but oftentimes the working class population may never get to experience the beauty for themselves. Furthermore, the workers identity is often lost within their job and they do not have the means to express their individuality. This is identified by Marx as being alienated from yourself and from your labor. Most people do not proclaim their uniqueness in ways that focus around their occupation. Even in a highly sought after job you may, for a time, feel as if that encompasses who you truly are, but it is only a small part of your being – your essence. This also ties in to another alienation theme of Marx which is the alienation from your species as a human being. According to Marx, â€Å"the worker feels himself to be freely active only in his animal function – eating, drinking, and procreating, or at most also in his dwelling and in personal adornment – while in his human functions he is reduced to animal† (Johnson 264). In other words, as workers we are often free only when we are allowed to do what we want to do instead of what is demanded and required of us at our jobs. When this happens, we are often reduced to a more animalistic approach to fulfilling our needs. Finally, Marx contends that in a apitalistic society, the worker is alienated from others. Because there is so much competition in capitalism – which is the driving force for production and profits – it causes a hostile environment among workers. Many are competing for the same position or the same customer or account. This competition causes a friction within the frame of society that pits individual against individual which is what leads us into the next matter of contention with Marx in his views of capitalism which is exploitation. He claims that â€Å"private property has made us so stupid and partial that an object is only ours when we have it, when it exists for us as capital or when it is directly eaten, drunk, worn, inhabited, etc. , in short, utilized in some way; although private property itself only conceives these various forms of possession as means of life, and the life for which they serve as means is the life of private property – labor and creation of capital† (Johnson 266). People have become so materialistic in our capitalistic society that they are driven to all means by which to obtain their measures of status. Because of this, the workers are driven to give into demands made by their employers in order to make the wages necessary to maintain their standard of living. Since the workers are plentiful, the products are also plentiful, which discussed earlier creates a larger bottom line for the profit of the company or business owner. However, even though the profits are increased for the business owners of the capitalistic society, the wages are often not as high as the profit. Thus, the value of the product is high while keeping the value of the worker low. This is a classic example of exploitation. I think that the criticisms offered by Marx are still applicable in today’s society in the United States. I think that the worker is indeed alienated from his true identity as an individual. Before the onset of industrialized production there was a certain pride associated with one’s occupation; whether that was as a craftsman in wood, as a blacksmith, tailor, or bricklayer. No matter your profession, you were able to express your individuality and impart your character into the product of your work. Sadly, this is not the case with the workers of today. They are often subject to limitations and expectations that hinder their creative ability and they are forced to produce that are a poor representation of their ability or personality. Most people are forced into positions they don’t even want to be in professionally because they need to make a certain amount of money to pay for their wants and needs. This creates a frustration and dissatisfaction that reaches far beyond the walls of the factory or office. It is no wonder that most workers today dread Monday mornings and count the days until five o’clock Friday afternoon. Again and again, the energy level increases as the weekend approaches. There is a common sentiment that states everybody is simply working for the weekend. This is because workers are dissatisfied with their jobs and feel undervalued and taken advantage of in many circumstances. Once the workday ends, the freedom begins for the worker. This is often why the bars have a â€Å"happy hour† as this is where the worker can forget the troubles of the day and throw back a drink or two and finally relax. The economic conditions of living in an industrialized society has turned the ordinary worker into a materialistic consumer that generally far outreaches his or her ability to afford to keep up with the Jones’. Because many feel the pressure of this forced societal expectations to possess certain items, live in a certain neighborhood, d rive the right car all while wearing the right clothes and accessories we as workers in the United States have been put in the unfortunate and unbalanced position of much more want than means by which to provide it. As long as that continues, we are stuck in a cycle of never ending wants that never truly satisfy because they are not meeting what is truly needed in our lives. Marx claims that â€Å"the human being had to be reduced to this absolute poverty in order to be able to give birth to all his inner wealth† (Johnson 268). In a capitalistic society it is encouraged, and even necessary, to consume what is being produced in order for capitalism to continue to grow. Today’s worker can do this in moderation, without putting themselves or their families in such a position to further add to the frustration of meeting expectations and demands at a workplace that is unfulfilling to their existence. Furthermore, I think that labor unions were formed in the early 1900’s in order to protect workers from exploitation of greedy business owners. At the turn of the century, many workers were expected to work long hours almost every day of the week. There were unsafe working environments s well as high quotas being placed on workers from employers with minimal compensation to the workers. All of this was so the profits could rise as production was increased. There seemed no reason to pay more in wages by adding workers or in higher salaries for the existing employees when the business owners could simply demand more from their current workforce. Also, working conditions were often unsafe while trying to maximize workspace with the maximum number of workers without actually increasing the area being used. Because of labor unions working conditions have improved greatly for the worker in America; there are 40 hour work weeks with compensation for additional hours worked; guidelines have been implemented to make for safer working conditions; and there is more room for negotiation for fair wages without fear of retaliation by employers. Although labor unions are still in existence today, they have much less impact than they had in the past. Politicians are close bedfellows with the corporate executives across our nation and policies are ever changing to benefit the corporation and business owners while causing the worker to suffer the consequences. Even though there have been great improvements in regard to the criticisms of alienation and exploitation that Marx had against capitalism, I believe they still exist. Marx may have not been of this century but I feel his observations are still valid in today’s world.

Project Charter Essay

Business Need: Ohio Department of Health and Human Services (ODHS) has 15,000 state and county agency employees in 88 counties in Ohio. ODHS has a network infrastructure that ranges to high quality in some regions within the system to very poor quality in other regions. Additionally, resources are limited due to a high turnover rate of existing employees causing support for the network to be handled by outside labor. Budget is also limited. To improve the infrastructure, ODHS has asked The Office of Network Support (ONS) to investigate upgrading the ODHS email system. ONS is responsible for coordinating software upgrade and updates and modifications from the Columbus, Ohio location ONS will manage the upgrade for ODHS to all agencies within the 88 counties of Ohio either by converting from the current e-mail software from Global Upgrade 7.0 to version 9.0. The decision will be made on the basis of cost, staffing and various incentives from the vendors. Currently there is a 20% cost increase with the Globalupgrades 9.0 software, but this cost will be offset by increased productivity and cost savings through incentives offered by the vendor Project Objectives: ONS will investigate, design and develop an upgraded email system providing research, expertise and installation assistance to improve the network infrastructure to improve communication between the 15,000 ODHS.Approach: Assign both external and internal personnel to assist in research to determine if updating to Globalupgrades 9.0 or another vendor is more cost effective and if incentives offered will give the advantages needed to improve the email system. Narrow research to at least two vendor contenders to use for the upgrade based on incentives, costs, and reliability and expansion packages. Select one vendor meeting all criteria and manage the  design, development and installation of the email upgrade. Testing of email upgrade through use of ODHS user group Implement email upgrade Project Team Members: The key members of the project are: Project Sponsor: Peter Parker: Director of Office of Network Support Project Manager: Lavina Barry for the Office of Network Support, ODHS. Key PM for the E-mail Upgrade Project Engineer: Diana Prince, ONS Software Engineer with specific experience in implementing and administering various email systems Globalcom Representative: Steve Rogers, Globalcom’s sales representative and chief point of contact for the State User Representative: Linda Lee Danvers, support specialist within the ODHS, serving as liaison between the ODHS User Group community and the project team ODHS User Group: A number of ODHS employees that are used to test system upgrades before implementation Team Members will be assigned by the project manager based on their expertise, skills and abilities. The team will be comprised of members from functional areas within the company that functional managers will provide with team members dedicating 100% of their time during the duration of the project. Project Mile stones: Deliverables Description Email Software UpdateInstallation of upgrade software Email System TestingTest system with user groups Email System ImplementationGo-live with support and consultation Project Constraints/Risks: Cost for the upgrade package will be a factor because of a possible increase in cost over the current system. With a high employee turnover, experts will be hired in-house on a temporary basis, selected by the project manager, to work on the project. One risk that may occur is the system being taken down for periods of time, disabling communication agency wide. This risk will be adverted by working on the system during downtime  and weekend time, with advance notice to forewarn all employees, including telecommuting users. Project Manager Authority and Responsibilities 1. Staffing – the project manager will determine the skill requirements for the Email upgrade project and provide them, along with specific team member names, by February 28, 2014. 2. Communications – status reports will be provided to the Sponsor bi-monthly. 3. Planning/Tracking – this project will be tracked using our in-house project management software. 4. Document/System Access – the project manager is authorized access to any company document or system in the pursuit of this project completion.5. The project manager will provide a project plan to the Sponsor no later than March 1, 2014. The project plan will include a description of the work, schedules, budget, spending plan, resource utilization charts and risk management plans. Support Requirements from Other Organizations: The Email Upgrade Project is set as a high priority for ODS. Functional managers will provide all the support needed to the project manager. Any scheduling conflicts will be resolved by the CEO of ODHS. Due to the limited resources available in-house, some labor will be contracted with outside vendors for the installation and testing. Vendor will support the project by providing staffing from their agency as well, number of staff and hours to be agreed to in a subcontract agreement.

Aristotle and Virtue Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Virtue Essay Aristotle believes that we need virtue, both of thought and of character, to achieve that completeness leading to happiness. This is the function: activity in the soul in accord with virtue, where soul is defined as what is in us that carries out our characteristic activity. Aristotle is right in believing we need virtue. The end of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics Book I introduces the idea that since happiness is â€Å"a certain sort of activity of the soul in accord with complete virtue, we must examine virtue,† because doing so will allow us to closer analyze and understand how to study happiness. He goes on to identify two areas: virtues of thought and virtues of character. I believe the philosopher is right when he thinks that a good life requires harnessing both kinds of virtues. Virtues of thought are simpler to identify, as they include excellence in problem solving skills, abstract and rational thought, mathematics and the like. Virtues of character, which are also called ‘moral virtues’, seem to be more complex and are also an integral part of the completeness that Aristotle said was necessary for a good life. Some examples of these virtues are generosity and patience. Virtues of character are definitely good for the possessor as Aristotle states in chapter 6, â€Å"having these feelings at the right times, about the right things, toward the right people, for the right end, and in the right way, is the intermediate and best condition, and this is the proper virtue. † Finding that mean or middle ground, that balance or yin and yang, is essential to establishing a completeness which ultimately lead to happiness. One problem may be actually the path to virtue. The idea of pleasure without pain is not realistic in the mortal world. Everything on this plane is relative. Take, for example, two dogs: Dog A lives on the street and has all of his life. He has to find himself food everyday in alleys and has to deal with the weather. This life is good to him because it is his world and he does not know any better. As far as Dog A is concerned, he is in ‘heaven’. Dog B lives in a mansion with air conditioning and gourmet steaks that are given to him on a regular basis. This is all Dog B knows and he is not aware of anything else out there better than this (even though it surely exists), so this dog is in heaven also. Imagine their own individual and relative differences if they were to switch places. Dog A would go to a mansion atmosphere and the comfort of his life would dramatically improve, while Dog B’s life would be hell all of a sudden. This relation of pleasure to pain and how it is all relative makes one take a step back and look at the bigger picture. Nelson, W. Philosophy 1305 Proteus Classics Readings. Thomson Custom Publishing, Mason. pgs 81-122. Aristotle and Virtue. (2016, Dec 13).

Performance measurement system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance measurement system - Research Paper Example (Franceschini, Galetto, & Maisano, 2007) A statistical model needs to be developed to get results of performance and a full picture can never be measured directly and sometimes observation is the only way of coming to a conclusion about performance and you do not get figures to assess with. The main aim behind a performance management system is to better the performance of an organization. Communicating better in an organization and having a trustful relationship with your peers and bosses is not something that is directly linked to bettering performance than perhaps training individuals but they are indirect measures that will in the long run help to get to the final purpose of the organization. Some reasons to use PMS are to assess how an organization is performing; for this the managers in an organization need to determine what the organization was supposed to achieve. This means that the mission and vision statement of the organization should be clear. For this performance also, data is obtained from not only the observable performance but also the environmental hazards and also looking at the companies the organization had benchmarked itself against and seeing them as a comparative database. Ideally, the organization needs to be using the best practice which is the most efficient and cost effective process even in regards of health, safety and environment. Benchmark could also be the same organizations past and present performance with the same or different processes used. PMS also helps to keep the organization’s functions under control by making sure that managers and subordinates are doing what they are supposed to be doing. Managers do not have the hierarchical control that they used to have before however, taking space into account, they still use certain measures to control their business. Everyone must comply with these

Stratgic Management Accounting (case study) Essay

Stratgic Management Accounting (case study) - Essay Example Management accountants provide important financial information that facilitate strategic planning, help to formulate and review budgets of the organization and identify existing discrepancies in budgets. They also remove wastages, set cost of production and prices of products produced as well as support good corporate governance. The above roles and functions of management accountants are explained below. First, management accountants facilitate strategic planning by providing information on costs and related activities in the organization. This is because they collect and analyze important information on all the activities that organizations engage in. The information may include all production, marketing and administrative costs. They also attempt to allocate costs and revenues to all activities in the organization. The management accountants record all the activities and associated cost. Therefore, they are able to develop indicators of business performance. In addition, they make comparison of various activities and develop benchmarks that form the basis of business monitoring and evaluation system for the business organization. The information they provide, help management teams to make various investment decision. Secondly, management accountants formulate and review budgets of the business organization. Budgets are important in apportioning financial resources to various activities of the company. Financial resources are scarce and require detailed analysis and planning to ensure that all departments receive adequate amount of money to conduct their daily operations. Management accountants enable the organization to allocate money and other resources to productive areas of the company based on their detailed cost analysis. This ensures that the business spends money only on what is important and that all activities are fairly considered. The budgets include capital budgets, cash budgets and production budgets. Management accountants

Retail marketing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail marketing strategy - Essay Example The entrepreneurs behind these ventures risk their capital, invest their time and make a living by offering consumers something they need or want. Most retailing involves buying merchandise or a service from a manufacturer, wholesaler, agent, importer or other retailer and selling it to consumers for their personal use. The price charged for the goods or services covers the retailer's expenses and includes a profit. Each year, this vital sector of the UK economy accounts for about 08 percent of our gross national product--more than $1 billion.. Most are store retailers, though there are other types of enterprises--such as e-commerce, mail order, automatic-merchandising (vending) machines, direct retailing (door-to-door and home party sales), and service providers. There are a considerable number of commentaries on the changing food retailing sector in UK. The sector is seen as being at the fore front of change and the leading food retailers are amongst the largest companies. Growing concentration in the economy has been associated with the increasing power of multiple retailers and a decline in the strength of the co-operatives and independents. The rise of the multiple retailers particularly through economies of scale and replication has produced a situation where only a handful of companies dominate food retailing. Currently the leading food retailers are Sainsbury and Tesco with Safeway in third place.

Strategic change programmes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic change programmes - Essay Example This shows the failure of the ministry’s procurement department and the unprofessionalism being displayed by the institution which trickles down to the services being offered to Namibian citizens and the rise in maternal-mortality rate. To curb this embarrassing problem, the tender board has allowed the ministry to buy fabric in bulk and train people to manufacture the required uniforms and patient attires. This measure would ensure the ministry has the capability and capacity of providing the necessary uniforms and attire to its staff and patients respectively. By so doing, patients and in particular expecting mothers, would have proper attire and bedding as well as maintain high standards of hygiene in the process thus reducing the risk of maternal-mortality. The uniforms of the staff will also be clearly branded with ministry and government labels so as to make them easily recognizable. This will ensure that the manufacture of these uniforms is not prone to any abuse by ill-minded persons. Therefore, this brings about the element of readiness, in that the programme pre-empts a problem and puts safeguards to solve the problem. The new procurement measures by the ministry will also cater for curtains and linens in addition to staff uniforms and patient attires. This shows the diversity of the programme since it addresses multiple issues all at once. In conclusion, the efforts by the Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services to stem the country’s rising maternal-mortality rate can be seen in the implementation of the new procurement

Trends in the area of biotechnology and its use in agriculture Research Paper

Trends in the area of biotechnology and its use in agriculture - Research Paper Example In addition, the sequencing of the human, selected plant, animal and bacterial genomes in the early part of the twenty-first century has led to the identification of genetic elements, and regulatory pathways and mechanism. These all resulted in products of biotechnology that were designed to understand, alleviate and cure diseases, and improve quality of life. The fields of medicine, agriculture/food and environmental protection have benefitted most from biotechnological innovations. As an example, insulin, a hormone which is either lacking or inactive in diabetics, used to be very expensive. Cost of insulin has been significantly reduced by its production using bacteria that have been genetically engineered to express in large amounts the insulin gene and subsequently, the insulin product. Other proteins with therapeutic effects have been produced in the same manner. The designs of drugs specific for different forms of a specific disease have been based on the molecular understandin g of the disease and the affected metabolic processes. Another major area that has exploited advances in biotechnology is agriculture. Traditional biotechnology in agriculture is centuries old. An example is wine-making, which utilizes certain bacteria to ferment grape extract to produce alcohol. Another traditional biotechnology is cheese-making (makes use of bacteria), and bread-making (use of yeast). Agriculture further utilized specific microbial species to kill insect pests, promote nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake and hasten organic decomposition to produce organic fertilizers. An early type of modern biotechnology, plant tissue culture, revolutionized the asexual propagation of economically important crops like banana, pineapple, orchids and other ornamental crops. Tissue culture is also being utilized to produce disease-free planting materials, like banana

Preliminary proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preliminary proposal - Research Paper Example The Germans played an extremely significant role in the origin of the cold war since it held an important strategic position. This took place through a number of transformations among the Germans. It was additionally, contributed by the post war international order that resulted from the inter-Allied work on denaziation. The main contributions of the cold war included the rationalist aspects that were caused by the interaction between superpowers. A particular emphasis is placed on the legal and diplomatic framework that sustained not only the way the German question was treated but, also the examination of the interaction between superpowers in relation to the way that they enforced their structural interests. Thus, it is because of the interactions between the elements related to coexistence and intervention, the German question that is analyzed from a systematic standpoint was made up of the most significant issue in the configuration of the international order that was given after the war (Lewcowicz 14). There was a rough relationship between the US and the USSR since the year 1919. However, the USSR did not have a global reach. As such, most of the conflict was performed by local and homegrown communist parties alongside the government that is currently in power. Nonetheless, this only lasted when in 1983; the Spanish Civil War resulted in people all over the world taking sides (14). The start of the cold war that took place between 1947 and 1953 took place after the Second World War. Its main origin was the Truman Doctrine that took place in 1947 up to the end of the Korean War in 1953. It lasted through most part of the 20th century (40). The connection between the German question and the cold war is relevant to the course materials since it makes it possible to link with other events such as the frequency with which France and German, which includes Prussia as its key component have been at war frequently. These are the Franco-Prussian war

Product concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product concepts - Assignment Example h the highest sales were from women apparel at $110,826 million, followed by that of men at $54,932 and children and infants at $34,235 (The Statistics Portal). Women are great shoppers and their tastes change with the trending fashion and style, which also aligned with the technological transformations that were taking place in the industry, such as online marketing and selling (Spencer Para 2). I believed I had a role to play in growing my parent’s business, which also enable me to advance my skills in operating my own business, which I believe I will have following my graduation. Therefore, I started marketing the products that my parents designed using my social media platform, Facebook, which was listed as the social media channel with the highest number of users across the globe (Niciporuc 1). The idea was that since I have a passion for technology I can also bring the two business ideas together and ensure that they complement each other. In other words, I would use the social media to connect and interact with my friends while at the same time I will be marketing the clothing designs and other products that I had made. Through this the customer based for my apparel retail business would grow, especially the target market; that is women. Niciporuc, Tudor. "Comparative analysis of the engagement rate on Facebook and Google Plus social networks." Proceedings of International Academic Conferences. No. 0902287. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences,

The Lonely Miss Brill Essay Example for Free

The Lonely Miss Brill Essay With a unique blend of symbolism, imagery and setting Mansfield brings us into the world of †Miss Brill†. The story is narrated in the third person; the narrator primarily acts as the voice of Miss Brill. By telling the story through the eyes of Miss Brill, Mansfield is able to convey to the reader the loneliness and the lack of self-awareness of the main character. She gives no explanation as to the Miss Brill’s past, leaving it to the readers to draw their own conclusions. At the same time the author provides clues from which the reader can derive the theme of this story. The central theme of â€Å"Miss Brill† is the pain of loneliness, and inadvertent attempts to experience life through the experiences of total strangers. Miss Brill, has many symbols that clearly point out that Miss Brill is an old maid without close contacts. Firstly, Miss Brill lives in northern France teaching English. She is an immigrant everyone she knows, with the exception of her students and a elderly man, lives in England. This makes Miss Brill a stranger in a strange land despite the fact that she speaks French. Another reason the reader can tell Miss Brill is alone stems from the title. She has never been married and therefore has no family. Also brill is French for bearded. Symbolically bearded people are old. These are some symbols that point the loneliness and age factor in Miss Brill. From the beginning of the narrative it becomes apparent that Miss Brill is starving for warmth and companionship. She tenderly caresses her fur as if it were a beloved pet when she rubs â€Å"the life into the dim little eyes† (p. 0) of the old fox boa. Another sign of Miss Brill’s need for companionship is evident in her perception of the music which the band is playing at the Jardins Publiques: â€Å"It was like some one playing with only the family to listen (p. 50). † Despite of her loneliness, she is considering herself a part of this family that the band is entertaining with its music. But in reality she is more of an observer, a observer, and not an active participant in life as it unfolds at the Jardins Publiques. She is looking forward to eavesdropping on other people’s conversations, believing herself to be quite an expert in remaining unnoticed. Miss Brill adopts a more critical, at times even hostile, attitude toward the women that she observes in the park than toward their male companions. She seems to view the man who shares her â€Å"special† seat as â€Å"a fine old man,† while the woman is â€Å"a big old woman (p. 50). † When she recollects the events of the previous Sunday at the park, she remembers a patient Englishman with the difficult to please wife, whom â€Å"Miss Brill wanted to shake (p. 0). † These observation of the women carry perhaps a note of envy that she feels toward the women who have male companionship. At this point in the story the reader still does not know much about her, except that she is a lonely observer. Then one of her observations about the â€Å"odd, silent, nearly all old people, and from the way they stared they look ed as though they’d just come from dark little rooms or even – even cupboards! (p. 51)† whom she sees every Sunday at the park hints to the reader that she might be one of those people. The pieces of the puzzle, of course, fall into place at the end of the story, when her room is described as â€Å"the little dark room-her room like a cupboard (p. 52). † This is the conclusion of the story, when Miss Brill is able to see herself and her surroundings in the new light. Her new self-awareness is brought about by disparaging remarks of the young lovers who refer to Miss Brill as â€Å"that stupid old thing (p. 52),† and to her precious fur as â€Å"a fried whiting (p. 52). † This is Miss Brill’s moment of epiphany. She is as old as the other park-goers, her fur is a pitiful necklet, and she foregoes her usual Sunday slice of honeycake. In spite of her newly found self-awareness, Miss Brill still denies some of her own emotions when â€Å"she thought she heard something crying (p. 52)† at the very end of the story. The tears are obviously her own. Yet another look at the same lines of the story you realize that the young man and girl are repulsed by her not really because of how she is dressed but she and the other older people represent their own mortality and one day they know they too may be like this.